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The Mediating Role of Self Compassion in the Relationship Between Childhood Traumas and God Image

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 1111 - 1126, 15.12.2022

Ferdi Kıraç

https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1145126

Öz

Previous research has demonstrated that a positive subjective relationship with God was associated with better mental health outcomes. On the other hand, it has been known that childhood traumas are the strongest risk factors for almost all common mental disorders. For that reason, investigating the relationship between childhood traumas and God image and the factors that mediate this relationship is crucial for the clinical works conducted with the religious clients who report a history of childhood trauma. Based on the Freud’s projection theory, the early researchers investigating the psychological factors underlying the formation of God image proposed that image of parents might mediates the god image. Their studies revealed inconclusive results. As an alternative to the projection theory, some researchers suggested that the God image was self-referenced. Their research showed that high self-esteem was positively related to image of a loving God and negatively related to image of a rejecting God. The studies comparing these two explanations found that God image was more self-referenced than parent referenced. The attachment theory provides a theoritical framework to integrate these two positions. Studies based on the attachment theory revealed that secure attachment was associated with a loving God image while the insecure attachment was related to a distant and controlling God image. The childhood traumas which are the focus of this study are the experiences that are likely to destroy early attachment pattern and lead to an insecure attachment style in which the self, others and in turn God are perceived in a negative way. Majority of the studies examining the link between childhood traumas and God image demonstrated that the individuals exposed to childhood traumas perceived God as distant, cruel, cold, punishing, unjust and frightening in their adulthood. However, the research investigating the impact of childhood traumas on the adult survivors’ God image has mainly focused on Western Judeo-Christian samples. Despite the prevalence of childhood traumas in Muslim communities, Muslim samples are underrepresented. In addition, it was thought that the self-esteem was the most important factor that mediates the relationship between childhood traumas and positive psychological outputs. Many studies supported that childhood traumas were associated with low self-esteem. However, recently, some criticisms were raised to the concept of self-esteem which has some negative consequences like narcissism, self-centeredness, lack of interest and prejudice towards others. Instead, the concept of self-compassion was proposed. The concept of self-compassion includes a nonjudgmental and warm attitude towards oneself in the face of pain and suffering, and evaluating negative life events as being a part of shared human experience. The studies investigating the relationship between childhood traumas and God image have mainly focused on attachment styles and self-esteem as explanatory factors but ignored the concept of self-compassion. For that reason, in this study, we investigated the relationship between childhood traumas and God image and the mediating role of self-compassion in a sample of Muslim Turkish university students. The data was collected through online questionnaires. Five hundred two participants who were reached through the convenience sampling method, completed Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, God Perception Scale and Self-Compassion Scale Short Form. With PROCESS v3.5 macro extension in IBM SPSS 22, a bootstrapping procedure with 5000 resamples was performed to test mediation models. Findings revealed that all childhood trauma forms predicted negative God image. In addition, all childhood trauma forms predicted low self-compassion level. Finally, mediation analysis showed that self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between all forms of childhood trauma and God image. The results were discussed in the light of existing literature. Many studies have shown that self-compassion-based interventions are highly effective with the clients exposed to traumatic experiences. Based on the findings of the present study, it was emphasized that self-compassion-based interventions would contribute to a more positive God image which is one of the important coping resources after stressful life events for religious individuals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psychology of Religion Childhood Traumas Child Abuse Child Neglect God Image Self-Compassion Muslims. Din Psikolojisi Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Çocuk İhmali Çocuk İstismarı Tanrı İmajı Öz Şefkat Müslümanlar.

Kaynakça

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Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları ile Tanrı İmajı Arasındaki İlişkide Öz Şefkatin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 1111 - 1126, 15.12.2022

Ferdi Kıraç

https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1145126

Öz

Araştırmalar, tanrıyla kurulan kişisel adanmaya dayalı olumlu bir ilişkinin, olumlu ruh sağlığı çıktıları ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan, çocukluk çağı travmalarının, birçok yetişkin ruh sağlığı problemi için en önemli risk faktörü olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, çocukluk çağı travmaları ile tanrı imajı arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkiye aracılık eden değişkenleri tespit etmek, travma geçmişi bildiren ve tanrı inancı olan danışanlarla yürütülen klinik çalışmalar için önemlidir. Tanrı imajı oluşumunun altında yatan psikolojik süreçleri inceleyen ilk dönem araştırmalar, Freud’un yansıtma kuramından hareketle, ebeveyn imajının tanrı imajına aracılık edebileceğini öne sürmüşlerdir. Bu araştırmalar birbiri ile çelişen sonuçlar elde etmişlerdir. Yansıtma kuramına alternatif olarak, bazı araştırmacılar, tanrı imajının benlik ile ilişkili olduğunu öne sürmüşlerdir. Bu araştırmalar, yüksek benlik saygısının seven, düşük benlik saygısının ise reddeden bir tanrı imajı ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermişlerdir. Bu iki açıklamayı karşılaştıran çalışmalar, tanrı imajının ebeveyn imajından çok benlik referanslı olduğunu ortaya koymuşlardır. Bağlanma kuramı ise benlik referanslı ve ebeveyn referanslı açıklamaları bütünleştiren kuramsal bir çerçeve sunmuştur. Bağlanma kuramı temelinde yapılan araştırmalar, güvenli bağlanma ile seven, güvensiz bağlanma ile uzak ve kontrol eden tanrı imajı arasında ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu araştırmanın odağı olan çocukluk çağı travmaları, bireyin erken dönem bağlanma örüntüsüne zarar verebilen ve dolayısı ile bireyin kendisini, diğer insanları ve bir bağlanma figürü olarak tanrıyı daha olumsuz algılamasına yol açabilen yaşantılardır. Çocukluk çağı travmalarının tanrı imajı ile ilişkisini inceleyen araştırmaların çoğunluğu, çocukluk döneminde travmatik deneyimlere maruz kalan katılımcıların, tanrıyı uzak, acımasız, soğuk, cezalandırıcı, adaletsiz ve korkutucu olarak algılama düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ancak, bu araştırmaların çoğunluğunun batılı ülkelerde Hıristiyan-Yahudi örneklemlerle yapıldığı, Müslüman toplumlarda çocukluk çağı travmaları yaygın olmasına rağmen, konuyla ilgili araştırmaların sınırlı olduğu da görülmektedir. Yine, çocukluk çağı travmaları ile olumsuz psikolojik çıktılar arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık eden en önemli değişkenlerden birinin benlik saygısı olduğu düşünülmüştür. Çocukluk çağı travmalarının, düşük benlik saygısı ile ilişkili olduğu birçok araştırma tarafından desteklenmiştir. Fakat son dönemlerde, benlik saygısının narsizm, ben merkezcilik, diğerlerine karşı ilgi yoksunluğu ve önyargı gibi sonuçlara neden olduğu düşünülerek yerine öz şefkat kavramı önerilmiştir. Öz şefkat, yaşamdaki acı ve zorluklar karşısında kişinin kendisini karşı yargısız bir tutum sergilemesi ve bu acı verici olayları, insan olmanın bir parçası olarak görmesini içermektedir. Çocukluk çağı travmaları ile tanrı imajı ilişkisini inceleyen araştırmaların, açıklayıcı psikolojik faktörler olarak, genellikle bağlanma stilleri ve benlik saygısına odaklandığı, öz şefkat değişkenini ele almadığı gözlenmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmada çocukluk çağı travmaları ile tanrı imajı arasındaki ilişkide öz şefkatin aracı rolü Müslüman bir örneklemde incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri online anket tekniği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Uygunluk örnekleme yöntemi ile erişim sağlanan 502 üniversite öğrencisine Çocukluk Çağı Travma Ölçeği-Kısa Formu, Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu ve Tanrı Algısı Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Aracılık analizleri, IBM SPSS 22, PROCESS v3.5 macro uzantısı kullanılarak 5000 bootstrap örneklemi üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları tüm çocukluk çağı travmaları alt boyutlarının tanrı imajını olumsuz olarak yordadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca çocukluk çağı travmalarının tüm alt boyutlarının düşük öz şefkat düzeyini yordadığı görülmüştür. Aracılık analizleri sonucunda ise her bir çocukluk çağı travmaları alt boyutunun tanrı imajı ile ilişkisinde öz şefkatin kısmi aracılık etkisi olduğunu gözlenmiştir. Bulgular ilgili alanyazın ışığında tartışılmıştır. Birçok araştırma, travmatik deneyimlere maruz kalan danışanlarla yürütülen klinik çalışmalarda, öz şefkat temelli müdahalelerin oldukça etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Mevcut araştırma buğuları çerçevesinde, çocukluk döneminde travmatik deneyimlere maruz kalan ve dini inancı olan danışanlarla yürütülecek çalışmalarda, öz şefkat temelli müdahalelerin, stresli olaylar karşısında en önemli baş etme kaynağı olduğu bilinen olumlu tanrı imajını destekleyebileceği vurgusu yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Din Psikolojisi Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Çocuk İhmali Çocuk İstismarı Tanrı İmajı Öz Şefkat Müslümanlar.

Destekleyen Kurum

Herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmamıştır

Kaynakça

  • Al-Fayez, Ghenaim vd. “Prevalence of Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Abuse Among a Nationwide Sample of Arab High School Students: Association with Family Characteristics, Anxiety, Depression, Self-Esteem, and Quality Of Life”. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47/1 (Kasım 2010), 53–66. https://doi. org/ 10.1007/s00127-010-0311-2.
  • American Psychological Association. “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct”. American Psychologist, 47/12 (1992), 1597–1611. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.12.1597
  • Barnard, Laura K. - Curry, John. F. “Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, Correlates, & Interventions”. Review of General Psychology 15/4 (Aralık 2011), 289–303. doi:10.1037/a0025754
  • Beaumont, Elaine vd. (2012). “Being Kinder to Myself: A Prospective Comparative Study, Exploring Post-trauma Therapy Outcome Measures, for Two Groups of Clients, Receiving Either Cognitive Behaviour Therapy or Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Compassionate Mind Training”. Counselling Psychology Review 27/1 (Mart 2012), 31–43.
  • Benson, Peter - Spilka, Bernard. “God Image as a Function of Self-Esteem and Locus Of Control”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 12/3 (Eylül 1973), 297-310. doi:10.2307/1384430 Bergin, Allen. E. “Religiosity and mental health: A Critical Reevaluation and Meta- Analysis”. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 14/2 (1983), 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.14.2.170
  • Bernstein, David. P. vd. “Development and Validation of a Brief Screening Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire”. Child Abuse & Neglect 27/2 (Şubat 2003), 169–190. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0
  • Bonelli, Raphael M. - Koenig, Harold G. “Mental Disorders, Religion and Spirituality 1990 to 2010: A Systematic Evidence-Based Review”. Journal of Religion and Health 52/2 (Haziran, 2013), 657–673. doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9691-4.
  • Bottoms, Bette L. vd. “Religion-related Child Physical Abuse: Characteristics and Psychological Outcomes”. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma 8 (Eylül, 2003), 87–114. doi:10.1300/j146v08n01_04
  • Bowlby, John. The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. London: Tavistock, 1979.
  • Brodski, Sally Karina - Hutz, Claudio S. “The Repercussions of Emotional Abuse and Parenting Styles on Self Esteem, Subjective Well-Being: A Retrospective Study with University Students in Brazil”. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 21 (Nisan 2012), 256–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2012. 666335
  • Brokaw, Beth Fletcher - Edwards, Keith J. “The Relationship of God Image to Level of Object Relations Development”. Journal of Psychology and Theology 22/4, (Aralık 1994), 352-371. doi:10.1177/009164719402200420
  • Buri, John R. - Mueller, Rebecca A. “Psychoanalytic Theory and Loving God Concepts: Parent Referencing versus Self-Referencing”. The Journal of Psychology 127/1 (Ocak 1993), 17–27. doi:10.1080/00223980.1993.9915539
  • Cicchetti, Dante. “Socioemotional, Personality, and Biological Development: Illustrations from a Multilevel Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Child Maltreatment”. Annual Review of Psychology 67 (2016), 187–211. http://dx.doi.org /10. 1146
  • Çelik, Fatma Gül Helvacı – Çiçek, Hocaoğlu. “Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları: Bir Gözden Geçirme”. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 8/4 (2018), 695-711. https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.454535.
  • Davis, Edward. B. vd. “God Images and God Concepts: Definitions, Development, and Dynamics”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 5/1 (2013), 51–60. doi:10.1037/a0029289
  • Dembo, Richard vd. “Physical Abuse, Sexual Victimization and Illicit Drug Use: A Structural Analysis Among High Risk Adolescents”. Journal of Adolescence 10/1 (Mart 1987), 13-34. doi:10.1016/s0140-1971(87) 80030-1
  • Finkelhor, David vd. “Sexual Abuse and its Relationship to Later Sexual Satisfaction, Marital Status, Religion, and Attitudes”. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4/4 (Aralık 1989), 379–399.doi:10.1177/088626089004004001
  • Freud, Sigmund. “Totem and taboo”. The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud . çev. Abraham Arden Brill. 807-930.New York: Modem Library, 1938.
  • Granqvist, Pehr - Hagekull, Berit. “Religiosity, Adult Attachment, and Why “Singles” are more Religious”. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 10 (Kasım 2000), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1002_04
  • Granqvist, Pehr vd. “Experimental Findings on God as an Attachment Figure: Normative Processes and Moderating Effects of Internal Working Models”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103/5 (Teemmuz 2012), 804-818. https: //doi.org/10.1037/a0029344
  • Güler, Özlem. “Tanrı Algısı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1 (2007), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000000932
  • Hackney, Charles H. - Sanders, Glenn S. “Religiosity and Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Studies”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42/1 (Şubat 2003), 43-55. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00160
  • Hall, Terese A. “Spiritual Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Adult Christian Women”. Journal of Psychology and Theology 23/2 (Haziran 1995), 129–134. doi:10.1177/0091647195023 00205
  • Hayes, Andrew F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press, 2018.
  • Kam, Christopher. “Integrating Divine Attachment Theory and the Enneagram to Help Clients of Abuse Heal in their Images of Self, Others, and God”. Pastoral Psychology 67/4 (2018), 341–356. doi:10.1007/s11089-018-0817-1
  • Kane, Donna vd. “Perceptions of God by Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Exploratory Study in an Underresearched Area”. Journal of Psychology and Theology 21 (Eylül 1993), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164719302100306
  • Karakuş, Özlem. “Relation Between Childhood Abuse and Self Esteem in Adolescence”. International Journal of Human Sciences 9/2 (Ağustos, 2012), 753-763.
  • Kearney, David J. vd. “Loving-Kindness Meditation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 26/4 (Ağustos, 2013), 426–434. doi:10.1002/jts.21832
  • Kessler, Ronald C. Vd. “Childhood Adversities and Adult Psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys”. The British Journal of Psychiatry 197/5 (Kasım, 2010), 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499
  • Kış, Betül. Müslümanlarda Bağlanma ve Tanrı Algısı. İstanbul: Üsküdar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2018.
  • Kirkpatrick, Lee A. “An Attachment-Theory Approach to the Psychology of Religion”. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 2/1 (1992), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1207 /s15327582ijpr0201_2
  • Kirkpatrick, Lee A. Attachment, Evolution, and the Psychology of Religion. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2005.
  • Kirkpatrick, Lee A. - Shaver, Philip R. “An Attachment Theoretical Approach to Romantic Love and Religious Belief”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18/3 (Haziran 1992), 266-275. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0146167292183002
  • Koenig, Harold G. - Larson, David B. “Religion and Mental Health: Evidence for an Association”. International Review of Psychiatry 13/2 (2001), 67–78. doi:10.1080/09540260124661
  • Korkmaz, Nuran Erdoğruca. Bağlanma, İnsan-tanrı İlişkisi ve Psikolojik İyi Olma Hali. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2012.
  • Larson, David B. vd. “Associations Between Dimensions of Religious Commitment and Mental Health Reported in the American Journal of Psychiatry and Archives of General Psychiatry”. American Journal of Psychiatry 149/4 (Nisan 1992), 557-559. doi: 10.1176/ajp.149.4.557.
  • Lawson, Ronald vd. “The Long Term Impact of Child Abuse on Religious Behavior and Spirituality in Men”. Child Abuse and Neglect 22/5 (Mayıs 1998), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00003-9
  • Miron, Lynsey R. vd. “Childhood Abuse and Problematic Alcohol Use in College Females: The Role of Self-Compassion”. Self and Identity 13/3 (2014), 364–379. doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.836131
  • MacBeth, Angus - Gumley, Andrew. “Exploring Compassion: A Meta-Analysis of the Association between Self-Compassion and Psychopathology”. Clinical Psychology Review 32/6 (Ağustos 2012), 545-552, doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
  • Neff, Kristin. “Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself”. Self and Identity 2/2 (2003a), 85–101. doi:10.1080/15298860309032
  • Neff, Kristin D. “The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion”. Self and Identity 2 (2003b), 223–250. doi:10.1080/15298860309027
  • Neff, Kristin D - McGehee, Pittman. “Self-Compassion and Psychological Resilience among Adolescents and Young Adults”. Self and Identity 9/3 (2010), 225–240. doi:10.1080/ 15298860902979307
  • Nelson, Marven O. - Jones, Edward Morris. “An Application of the Q-Technique to the Study of Religious Concepts”. Psychological Reports 3 (1957), 293-297. doi:10.2466/pr0.1957.3.3.293
  • Oates, R. Kim vd. “Self-Esteem of Abused Children”. Child Abuse and Neglect 9/2 (1985),159- 163. doi: 10.1016/0145-2134(85)90007-9
  • Pargament, Kenneth vd. “The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and Initial Validation of the RCOPE”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/4 (Nisan 2000), 519–543. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::aid-jclp6>3.0.co;2-1
  • Post, Brian C. - Wade, Nathaniel G. “Religion and Spirituality: A Practice-Friendly Review of Research”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 65/2 (2009), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp. 2 0563
  • Pritt, Ann F. “Spiritual Correlates of Reported Sexual Abuse Among Mormon Women”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37/2 (1998), 273-285. https://doi.org /10. 23 07/ 1387527
  • Raes, Filip vd. “Construction and Factorial Validation of a Short form of the Self‐Compassion Scale”. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 18/3, (2011), 250-255. doi:10.1002/cpp.702
  • Rasar, Jacquelline D. vd. (2013). “The Efficacy of a Manualized Group Treatment Protocol for Changing God Image, Attachment to God, Religious Coping, and Love of God, Others, and Self. Journal of Psychology and Theology 41/4 (Aralık 2013), 167-280. doi:10.1177/009164711304100401
  • Reinert, Duane F. - Edwards, Carla E. “Attachment Theory and Concepts of God: Parent Referencing versus Self-Referencing”. SAGE Open (Aralık 2014), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/215 82 44014560547
  • Richards, P. Scott - Bergin, Allen E. A Spiritual Strategy for Counseling and Psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.
  • Rizzuto, Ana-Marie. The Birth of the Living God: A Psychoanalytic Study. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1979.
  • Ross, Colin A. “Talking about God with Trauma Survivors”. American Journal of Psychotherapy 70/4 (Aralık 2016), 429- 437. 437. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2016.70.4.429
  • Rossetti, Stephen J. “The Impact of Child Sexual Abuse on Attitudes toward God and the Catholic Church”. Child Abuse & Neglect 19/12 (Aralık 1995), 1469–1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0145-2134(95)00100-1
  • Siegmann, Aron Wolfe. “An Empirical Investigation of the Psychoanalytic Theory of Religious Behavior”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 1 (1961), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385177
  • Stoltenborgh, Marije vd. “The Prevalence of Child Maltreatment across the Globe: Review of a Series of Meta-Analyses”. Child Abuse Review 24/1 (Ocak-Şubat 2015), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2353
  • Spilka, Bernard vd. “Parents, Self, and God: A Test of Competing Theories of Individual-Religion Relationships”. Review of Religious Research 16/3 (Ocak 1975), 154-165. doi:10.2307/3510353
  • Stulp, Henk P. vd. “God Representations and Aspects of Psychological Functioning: A Meta-Analysis”. Cogent Psychology 6/1 (Ağustos 2019), https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2019.1647926
  • Şar, Vedat vd. “Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlamasının Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği”. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences 32/4 (2012), 1054–1063. https://doi. org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26947
  • Tanaka, Masako vd. “The Linkages among Childhood Maltreatment, Adolescent Mental Health, and Self-Compassion in Child Welfare Adolescents”. Child Abuse & Neglect 35/10 (2011), 887–898. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.003
  • Toth, Sheree L. vd. “Narrative Representations of Caregivers and Self in Maltreated Pre-schoolers”. Attachment and Human Development 2/3, (2000), 271-305. doi: 10.1080/14616730010000849
  • Valentine, Lanae - Feinauer, Leslie L. “Resilience Factors Associated with Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse”. The American Journal of Family Therapy 21/3 (1993), 216–224.doi:10.1080/01926189308250920
  • Waldron, Jonathan vd. “Religiosity and Interpersonal Problems Explain Individual Differences in Self Esteem among Young Adults with Child Maltreatment Experiences”. Child Abuse & Neglect 80 (2018), 277–284. https://doi.org /10.10 16 /j.chiabu.2018.03.023
  • Walker, Donald vd. “Changes in Personal Religion/Spirituality during and after Childhood Abuse: A Review and Synthesis”. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 1/2 (2009), 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016211
  • Yargıç, İlhan vd. “The Relation of Childhood Trauma with Suicide Attempt and Self Mutilation”. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 13/4 (2012), 277–284.
  • Yıldırım, Musa - Sarı, Tuğba. “Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formunun Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 18/4 (2018), 2502-2517. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-452171
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ferdi Kıraç 0000-0001-9787-5193

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Kıraç, Ferdi. “Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ile Tanrı İmajı Arasındaki İlişkide Öz Şefkatin Aracı Rolü”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 26/3 (Aralık 2022), 1111-1126. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1145126.
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