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The Relationship between Religiosity and Local Residents' Perception of Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 1293 - 1313, 15.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.619168

Öz

Tourism,
based on interaction of people who have different cultures and beliefs, is
prioritized by many local and national administrators, primarily because of its
economic benefits. However, it also has many environmental and socio-cultural
effects. Although many factors affecting local residents' perception about
tourism impacts have been examined, religiosity has mainly been
under-represented. In this context, this study examines whether religiosity is
effective on the perception of the socio-cultural effects of tourism, since
religiosity is an important factor on communal and individual thoughts and
behaviours. The study was a quantitative research and data was collected by a
questionnaire from residents of Menteşe district of Muğla (N=528). In the study,
multivariate statistical analysis methods were adopted and factor analyses
(descriptive and confirmatory) and path analysis were applied. The results
emphasize that as religiosity increases, the perception of negative
socio-cultural impacts is strengthened, but there is no relation between
religiosity and positive socio-cultural impact perception. These results
indicate that planners and decision makers should consider the beliefs of the
local people while planning and developing tourism.

Summary: Religion, which can be defined as a belief system that allows people to
gather around the same values ​​and act in groups, or as beliefs, practices,
rituals and symbols designed to determine the relationships and
responsibilities of individuals living together in society, has been frequently
studied, especially in recent years. Since, it is one of the most common and
influential social institutions, and it affects the attitudes, values ​​and
behaviours of both individuals and societies. On the other hand, religiosity,
which can be defined as the degree of commitment of individuals to religious
groups or rules, is used to express the effectiveness of religious elements on
a person's life.

In
studies conducted in the fields of medicine, anthropology, psychology and sociology,
it was found that there is generally a positive relationship between
religiosity and happiness or physical/mental health. In tourism, religion has
been dealt with mainly in the context of faith tourism or its influence on the
preferences of tourists. Studies have focused on the planning of faith tourism
and management of the sanctuaries, the effects of tourism in sacred regions,
the motivation and travel forms of the pilgrims and the religious needs of
tourists.

Tourism,
which is mainly grounded on the interaction of people who have different
cultural and religious backgrounds, is considered among the priority sectors by
many local and national managers due to its economic benefits. However, it also
has many environmental and socio-cultural impacts.

Local
people are important for the development and sustainability of tourism, and
their perceptions of tourism are among the most researched subjects. Although,
in these studies, many variables such as community/place attachment, the level
of development of the destination and/or tourism, socio-demographic
characteristics, economic factors such as importance of tourism in the local
economy, economic dependence on tourism, employment in the tourism, have been
surveyed; the effect of religiosity has taken very little attention and mostly
the perceptions of clergy living in sacred regions were investigated. The
results emphasize that the residents distinguish the visitors who come for
religious purposes (pilgrims) from tourists, and embrace the pilgrims, rather
than tourists. In addition, it was determined that tourists are perceived as
threat not only for the sanctity, security and scenery of the area and
structures but also for local cultures and religions, and that tourists'
demands harm the religious practices. Moreover, views of local residents in
non-religious tourism destinations have been investigated much less. In the
literature review, only one study could be found. The study examined the
effects of religiosity on the local residents' perceptions of socio-cultural
impacts in two tourism destinations in Iran and found a positive relationship
between them. Therefore, the present study that examins whether religiosity is
effective in the perception of the socio-cultural effects of tourism, may
contribute to literature.

In this
research, questionnaire technique, as one of the quantitative research methods,
was utilized. Data obtained from 528 people residing in Menteşe (Muğla) were
analyzed in two stages. In the first stage reliability and structural validity
of the scales used were examined. Cronbach's Alpha (α) value was 0.907 for
whole 22 socio-cultural impact items; 0,941; 0,813 and 0,772 for each factor
respectively. Cronbach's Alpha (α) value of the religiosity scale was 0.728
thus the questionnaire was considered as reliable. Items related to
socio-cultural impacts combined under a 3-factor structure explaining 64.413%
of variance while three expressions about the religiosity was loaded on a
single factor and explained 64.845% of the variance. Therefore, the structure
was found to be valid.

In the
second stage, appropriateness of the factors determined by EFA and fitness of
the model formed within the study were examined by Confirmatory Factor Analysis
(CFA) and Structural Equation Model. The fit indices (x2/df, RMSEA, CFI, NFI
and GFI) exceeded the threshold values ​​in both DFA and structural equation
model. Therefore, it was concluded that factor structures and the model tested
were acceptable and there was relationship between perception of socio-cultural
impacts and religiosity.

The
findings revealed that there is a relationship between religiosity and the
perceptions of negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism, but religiosity does
not affect the perceptions of positive cultural impacts. Considering that
religiosity and conservatism is closely related, this was a predictable result.
However, the contradiction with the study by Zamani-Farahani - Musa (2012) who
found that religiosity is effective on perceptions of both negative and
positive socio-cultural impacts may be caused by differences in profiles and
number of tourists. While, in the first study, most of the visitors were
members of the same religion and culture, in the current study, most of the
tourists were from different religions and cultures.

Results
underline that the religious beliefs of local people should be taken into
consideration in planning and implementation processes or planners/decision
makers should convince the locals that implementations are not contrary or
harmful to their faiths. In addition, decisions need to be taken to develop
tourism in a way that is congruent (or with minimum discrepancies) with local
religious beliefs.



















The
study was conducted in a settlement which is close to popular mass tourism
(especially sea-sand-sun) but where is no economic dependence on tourism and
the results are cross-sectional. In other words, the results are limited to the
study area and even to the respondents. Future studies may focus on settlements
with different types of tourism and tourist profiles. In addition, the results
should be tested in economic dependent destinations.

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Dindarlık İle Yerel Halkın Turizmin Sosyo-Kültürel Etkilerini Algılayışları Arasındaki İlişki

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 1293 - 1313, 15.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.619168

Öz

Kültürleri ve inanışları farklı insanların etkileşimi üzerinde gelişen
turizm, özellikle ekonomik getirileri nedeniyle pek çok yerel ve ulusal
yönetici tarafından öncelikli sektörler arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak,
turizm gelişimi ekonomik unsurların ötesinde çevresel ve sosyo-kültürel pek çok
etki de oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu etkilerin yerel halk tarafından
algılanışında etkin olan pek çok unsur incelenmiş olmakla birlikte dindarlığın
etkisi çok az araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, toplumsal ve bireysel düşünce ve
davranışlar üzerinde önemli bir etken olan dindarlık hususunun turizmin
sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında etkin olup olmadığının incelendiği bu
çalışma, alanyazına katkı sunabilecek boyuttadır. Çalışma kapsamında nicel
araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği benimsenmiş olup veri, Muğla Menteşe
ilçesinde ikamet eden 528 bireyden elde edilmiştir. Çok değişkenli istatistik
analiz yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör
analizleri ile yol analizi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, dindarlık algısı arttıkça
olumsuz sosyo-kültürel etkilerin daha kuvvetli algılandığını ancak dindarlık
ile olumlu sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı arasında bağlantı bulunmadığını
vurgulamaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, turizm planlaması ve gelişimini sürecinde yerel
halkın inançlarının da göz önünde bulundurulmasının gerekliliğini işaret
etmektedir.

Özet: İnsanların aynı değerler etrafında
toplanmalarını ve grup halinde hareket etmelerini sağlayan inanç sistemi veya
toplumda birlikte yaşayan bireylerin ilişki ve sorumluluklarını belirlemek için
düzenlenmiş inanç, uygulama, ritüel ve semboller sistemi olarak
tanımlanabilecek olan din, en yaygın ve etkili sosyal kurumlardan olmasının
ötesinde hem birey hem de toplumların tutumlarını, değerlerini ve davranışlarını
etkilemesi nedeniyle, özellikle son yıllarda, sıklıkla incelenmektedir.
Bireylerin dini bir gruba veya kurallara bağlılık dereceleri olarak
tanımlanabilecek dindarlık ise dinsel öğelerin bir kişinin yaşamı üzerindeki
etkinliğini ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır.

Tıp, antropoloji, psikoloji, sosyoloji gibi bilim dallarında yapılan
çalışmalarda dindarlık ile mutluluk ve bedensel / ruhsal sağlık arasında
genellikle olumlu bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Turizm alanında yapılan
çalışmalarda ise, din, yoğunlukla inanç turizmi veya turistlerin tercihleri
üzerindeki etkisi kapsamında ele alınmış ve dini turizmin planlanması ve kutsal
alanların yönetimi, turizmin dini bölgelerdeki etkileri, hacıların seyahat
motivasyonu ve seyahat şekilleri ile turistlerin dini ihtiyaçları gibi konulara
odaklanılmıştır.

Kültürleri ve inanışları farklı insanların etkileşimi üzerinde gelişen
turizm, özellikle ekonomik getirileri nedeniyle pek çok yerel ve ulusal
yönetici tarafından öncelikli sektörler arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Turizm
gelişimi ekonomik unsurların ötesinde çevresel ve sosyo-kültürel pek çok etki
de oluşturmaktadır. Yerel halk, turizmin gelişmesi ve sürdürülebilirliği
açısından önem arz etmekte olup yerel halkın turizmin etkilerine yönelik
algıları sıklıkla araştırılan konular arasında yer almaktadır. Topluma ve/veya
mekâna aidiyet duygusu, destinasyonun ve/veya turizm sektörünün gelişim düzeyi,
turizmin ekonomi içindeki önemi, destinasyonun turizme ekonomik bağımlılığı,
turizm sektöründe istihdam edilmek gibi ekonomik unsurlar veya sosyo-demografik
özellikler gibi pek çok değişkenin yerel halkın turizm algısındaki etkileri
incelenmiş olmakla birlikte dindarlığın etkisi çok az araştırılmıştır. Yapılan
çalışmalarda, özellikle dini bölgelerde yaşayan yerel halk ve çoğunlukla din
adamlarının algıları araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, yerel halkın bölgeye dini
amaçlarla gelen ziyaretçiler (hacılar) ile turistleri ayırdığını ve hacıların
turistlere oranla daha fazla kabul gördüğünü vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca,
turistlerin alanın ve yapıların kutsallığını, güvenliğini, dekorunu tehdit
ettiği ve turistlerin taleplerinin dini uygulamalara zarar verdiği algısının
yaygın olduğu, hatta turizmin kendi kültürleri ve dinleri için tehdit olarak
görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Kutsal alanlar dışında kalan turizm
destinasyonlarında ikamet eden yerel halkın görüşlerinin araştırıldığı çalışma
ise çok daha azdır. Alanyazın taraması ile bu kapsamda sadece bir çalışma
bulunulabilmiştir. İran’daki iki turizm destinasyonunda yerel halkın turizmin sosyo-kültürel
sonuçlarına yönelik algılarında dindarlığın etkisinin incelendiği çalışma ile
sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı ile dindarlık arasında pozitif bir ilişki
bulunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kapsamda, dindarlık hususunun turizmin
sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında etkin olup olmadığının incelendiği bu
çalışma, alanyazına katkı sunabilecek boyuttadır.

Çalışma kapsamında nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği
benimsenmiştir. Ekonomik kaygıların katılımcıların görüşlerini etkilemesinin
önüne geçilmesi amacıyla, Bodrum, Fethiye ve Marmaris gibi Türkiye’nin önemli
turizm destinasyonlarına coğrafi olarak uzak olmamakla birlikte turizm
gelişiminin sınırlı olduğu için tercih edilen Menteşe (Muğla) ilçesinde ikamet
eden 528 bireyden elde edilen veriler iki aşamada analiz edilmiştir. İlk
aşamada, kullanılan soru formu değişik çalışmalardan yararlanarak oluşturulduğu
için ölçeklerin güvenirliğini test etmek üzere Güvenirlik Analizi ve yapısal
geçerliliğini sınamak üzere Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) uygulanmıştır.
Cronbach Alpha (α) değeri, sosyo-kültürel etkilere yönelik 22 ifade bütününde
0,907; her bir faktöre yönelik sırasıyla 0,941; 0,813 ve 0,772; Dindarlık
ölçeğine yönelik ise 0,728 olarak hesaplanmış olup araştırmada kullanılan
ölçeklerin güvenilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sosyo-kültürel etkilere yönelik
ifadelerin varyansın %64,413’ini açıklayacak şekilde 3 faktörlü bir yapı
altında birleştiği, üç ifadeden oluşan dindarlık ölçeğinin ise tek faktöre
yüklendiği ve varyansın %64,845’ini açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla
analiz için kullanılan yapının iyi derecede geçerli olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

İkinci aşamada, AFA ile belirlenen faktörlerin çalışma kapsamında
oluşturulan modele uygunluğunu test edebilmek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA)
ve ölçüm modeli ile gizli değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek ve
kavramsal model ile verilerin uyup uymadığını değerlendirmek için Yapısal
Eşitlik Model gerçekleştirilmiştir. DFA analizi sonucunda, bütün faktör
yüklerinin 0,4’ün üzerinde olduğu ve uyum indekslerinin (x
2/df,
RMSEA, CFI, NFI ve GFI) hem DFA hem de yapısal eşitlik modelinde eşik değerleri
aştığı görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla, faktör yapılarının ve çalışmada sınanan
modelin uygun olduğu ve sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanması ile dindarlık
arasında ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Çalışma sonuçları dindarlık ile turizmin olumsuz sosyo-kültürel
etkilerinin algılanışı arasında bir ilişki bulunduğunu ancak turizmin olumlu
kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında dindarlığın bir etkisinin bulunmadığını
ortaya koymuştur.
  Dindarlık ile
muhafazakârlık arasında kuvvetli bir ilişki bulunduğu göz önüne alındığında
öngörülebilecek bir sonuç olduğu belirtilebilir. Ancak, Zamani-Farahani – Musa
(2012) çalışmasında dindarlık ile sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı arasında
olumlu etki bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmış olmasının destinasyonları ziyaret eden
turistlerin profillerindeki ve sayılarındaki farklılıktan kaynaklandığı
öngörülmektedir. İlk çalışmada ziyaretçilerin çoğu aynı din ve kültüre mensup
kişilerden oluşuyorken, çalışma alanında turistlerin yarısına yakın kısmını
farklı din ve kültüre sahip olanlar oluşturmaktadır.

Çalışma sonuçları doğrultusunda turizm planlama ve uygulama süreçlerinde,
yerel halkın dini inanışlarının, dikkate alınması ve dini inanışlara uygun
adımların atılmasının veya yapılacak uygulamaların dini inanışlarına aykırı
olmadığının anlatılmasının gerekli olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca, turizmin yerel
dini inanışlara aykırı sonuçlar doğurmayacak (ya da bu tür sonuçları en aza indirgeyecek)
şekilde gelişimine yönelik kararlar alınması gerekmektedir.

Kitle turizminin (özellikle deniz–kum–güneş) geliştiği popüler
destinasyonlara yakın olmakla birlikte ekonomik olarak turizm ile yoğun bir
bağlantının bulunmadığı bir alanda gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın sonuçları
kesitseldir. Diğer bir ifadeyle sonuçlar çalışma alanı ve hatta katılımcılar
ile sınırlıdır. Gelecek çalışmalarda farklı turizm türü ve turist profiline
sahip yerleşimlere odaklanabilir. Ayrıca, sonuçların ekonomik olarak turizme
bağımlı destinasyonlarda da sınanması gereklidir. 

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  • Neuman, W. Lawrence. Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri I. Cilt. trc. Sedef Özge. Ankara: Siyasal Kitapevi, 2016.
  • Nunkoo, Robin - Ramkissoon, Haywantee. "Developing a community support model for tourism". Annals of Tourism Research, 38/3 (Temmuz 2011): 964–988.
  • Nyaupane, Gyan P. - Thapa, Brijesh. "Evaluation of ecotourism: a comparative assessment in the Annapurna Conservation area project, Nepal". Journal of Ecotourism, 3/1 (2004): 20–45.
  • Öztürk, Ahmet Bülent - Özer, Özgür - Çalışkan, Uğur. "The relationship between local residents’ perceptions of tourism and their happiness: a case of Kusadasi, Turkey". Tourism Review, 70/3 (Ağustos 2015): 232–242.
  • Poria, Yaniv - Butler, Richard - Airey, David. "Tourism, Religion and Religiosity: A Holy Mess". Current Issues in Tourism, 6/4 (2003): 340–363.
  • Pratt, Stephen - McCabe, Scott - Movono, Apisalome. "Gross happiness of a 'tourism' village in Fiji". Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5/1 (Mart 2016): 26–35.
  • Ramkissoon, Haywantee - Uysal, Muzaffer S. "The effects of perceived authenticity, information search behaviour, motivation and destination imagery on cultural behavioural intentions of tourists". Current Issues in Tourism, 14/6 (2011): 537–562.
  • Sahraian, Ali - Gholami, Abdullah - Javadpour, Ali - Omidvar, Benafsheh. "Association between Religiosity and Happiness among a Group of Muslim Undergraduate Students". Journal of Religion and Health, 52/2 (June 2013): 450–453, DOI 10.1007/s10943–011–9484–6.
  • Saruhan, Şadi Can – Özdemirci, Ata. Bilim, Felsefe ve Metodoloji (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta. 2016
  • Seybold, Kevin S. "Physiological mechanisms involved in religiosity/spirituality and health". Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30/4 (Ağustos 2007): 303–309.
  • Sheldon, Pauline J. - Abenoja, Terasa. "Resident Attitudes in a Mature Destination: The Case of Waikiki". Tourism Management, 22/5 (Ekim 2001): 435–443.
  • Sheldon, Pauline J. - Var, Turgut. "Resident attitudes to tourism in North Wales". Tourism Management, 5/1 (Mart 1984): 40–47.
  • Sırakaya, Ercan - Teye, Victor - Sönmez, Sevil. "Understanding Residents' Support for Tourism Develop-ment in the Central Region of Ghana". Journal of Travel Research, 41/1 (Ağustos 2002): 57–67.
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  • Tiliouine, Habib - Belgoumidi, Abbes. "An exploratory study of religiosity, meaning in life and subjective wellbeing in Muslim students from Algeria". Applied Research Quality Life, 4/1 (Mart 2009): 109–127.
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  • Uriely, N., Israeli, A. ve Reichel, A. "Residents' Attitudes toward Tourism Events: The Case of Nazareth". The Second International Seminar on Tourism Management in Heritage Cities, (03–05 Şubat 2000). Ed. Russo, Antonia, Paolo. 1: 99-116) Nazareth, İsrail: UNESCO Yayınları, 2000.
  • Var, Turgut - Kendall, K.W. - Tarakçıoglu, Enis. "Resident attitudes towards tourists in a Turkish resort town". Annals of Tourism Research, 12/4 (1985): 652–658.
  • Vukonic, Boris "Religion, tourism and economics: a convenient symbiosis". Tourism Recreation Research, 27/2 (2002): 59–64.
  • Weaver, Gary R. - Agle, Bradley R. "Religiosity and ethical behavior in organizations: a symbolic interac-tionist perspective". The Academy of Management Review, 27/1 (Ocak 2002): 77–98.
  • Weidenfeld, Adi. "The religious needs of the hospitality industry". Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 6/2 (Ocak, 2006): 143–159.
  • Weidenfeld, Adi - Ron, Amos S. "Religious needs in the tourism industry". Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19/2 (Kış 2008): 357–361.
  • Wong, Cora Un In - McIntosh, Alison - Ryan, Chris. "Buddhism and Tourism Perceptions of the Monastic Community at Pu–Tuo–Shan, China". Annals of Tourism Research, 40 (Ocak 2013): 213–234.
  • Yılmaz, Sema. “Umre İbadetinin Hayatın Anlamı ve Umutsuzlukla İlişkisi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 22/1 (Haziran, 2018): 543-570.
  • Yoon, Yooshik - Uysal, Muzaffer. "An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destina-tion loyalty: a structural model". Tourism Management, 26/1 (Şubat 2005): 45–56.
  • Zamani–Farahani, Hamira - Henderson, Joan C. "Islamic tourism and managing tourism development in Islamic societies: the cases of Iran and Saudi Arabia". International Journal of Tourism Research, 12/1 (2010): 79–89.
  • Zamani–Farahani, Hamira - Musa, Ghazali. "The relationship between Islamic religiosity and residents’ perceptions of socio–cultural impacts of tourism in Iran: Case studies of Sare’in and Masooleh". Tourism Management 33/4 (Ağustos 2012): 802–814.
Toplam 109 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Uğur Çalişkan 0000-0002-6844-7197

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Çalişkan, Uğur. “Dindarlık İle Yerel Halkın Turizmin Sosyo-Kültürel Etkilerini Algılayışları Arasındaki İlişki”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 23/3 (Aralık 2019), 1293-1313. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.619168.

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