Araştırma Makalesi
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Adaptation of the Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure to Turkish Culture

Yıl 2019, , 415 - 439, 15.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.535663

Öz

The aim
of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for
determining students' spiritual health and life orientation. For this purpose,
the Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure (SHALOM) inventory developed
by Fisher (2010) is adapted to Turkish. The adaptation study was carried out on
1591 high school students in three study groups studying in Ankara and Muş.
The original English measure consisting of four
dimensions and twenty items was translated into Turkish, factor analysis,
validity and reliability tests were conducted on the sampling data. As
a result of the study, the Turkish-adapted inventory consists of four
dimensions (personal, social, environmental and transcendental) which resemble
the original inventory.
In addition, internal consistency coefficients of the inventory
dimensions were in perfect harmony with the original inventory and served the
purpose of the scale. In Conclusion The Turkish adaptation of  the SHALOM Inventory can be used in different
disciplines of psychology, educational sciences, and social sciences.

Summary: The concept of religion, which
is an important dynamic and carrier of the social field, has gone into a double
distinction since the second half of the 18th century; the concept of
spirituality has begun to be refined from the concept of religion. The concepts
of religion and spirituality are very difficult to define; While the concept of
religion focuses ideology and rules of belief, spirituality centers on
individual experiences and interrelationships that extend religion. For this
reason, different spirituality and religion definitions are made from different
perspectives and different spirituality scales were developed within this
framework. However, the results of these studies differ significantly from each
other; this means that spirituality was defined and conceptualized based on the
scale that was used. Early period studies on spirituality mostly focus on
religion, health, psychology and work life. In these studies, after defining
the concept of spirituality; the relationship between the concept and health,
religion, psychology and business life or necessity for human life is
discussed. In the West, until the 1950s, the concepts of religion and
spirituality were used interrelated. However, today these two concepts are
almost completely separated from each other.

Literature consists of numerous inventory development studies to measure
spirituality. The fact that the inventory works based on different conceptual
foundations makes it difficult to draw a general, meaningful and consistent
conclusion about spiritual health and life orientation. Furthermore,
spirituality measurements reflecting the religion and values ​​of a particular
culture cannot be comprehensive or universal. At this point, Fisher criticizes
the measurement tools developed for the purpose of measuring spirituality: in
terms of "mixing religion and spirituality", "relying on the
world of values", "not taking into account cultural
differences", "and questioning only the mystical/spiritual
experience". As a result, it can be said that no measurement developed in
the conceptual structure of the West does not take into account the cultural
flexibility and accept its spiritual values as universal or prevalent.

The SHALOM inventory developed by Fisher, which adapted to the Turkish
culture in present study, is based on four basic (individual, social,
environmental and transcendent) areas that constitute the world of
interpersonal relationship. In this study, spirituality, as in Fisher's work,
emphasizes the interaction with certain concepts of different intensities that
are considered as independent from religion and above religions. In this
context, the concept of spirituality communicates with one's personal space,
social position, nature, and transcendental power. This adaptation study will
provide useful information and comments on the students' spiritual health
levels. This is the most important motive behind the idea of adapting the
SHALOM inventory developed by Fisher to the Turkish culture. In addition, by
adapting the SHALOM inventory, which is emphasized to have cultural flexibility
and adapted to different languages, a new and different measurement tool will
be available to understand the nature of the concept of spirituality.

This research was carried out to adapt the inventory of Spiritual Health
and Life Orientation scale developed for students to Turkish culture. This
inventory adaptation study was performed with the data collected from three
working groups in Ankara and Muş provinces and 1591 high school students. The
first study group was carried out with 414, the second study group with 788,
and the third group with 389 high school students. While the data collected
from 414 students were used for Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFA) analysis,
data collected from 788 students were used for Confirmatory Factor Analysis
(CFA). In addition, 389 students were used to determine the criterion validity
of the inventory. The original language of the SHALOM inventory, which is
intended to be adapted into Turkish, is English, and translation studies are
conducted separately by three linguistic experts who know the grammar and
semantic characteristics of both languages. After the translation studies, the
scale was applied to the sampling group and AFA was performed on the sample
data. The AFA results showed that a factor roof resembling the original
inventory was formed. Determining factors are given appropriate names
(personal, enviromental, social and transcendental) by taking into
consideration the theoretical names and the dimension names in the original
form of the SHALOM. The structure was confirmed by DFA, and as a result of the
DFA, X2/sd (1.72) ratio and IFI (0.96) fit indicator was found to be
the appropiate fit for the model tested.

As a result, it is understood that the Spiritual Health and Life
Orientation Inventory consists of four dimensions as in the original inventory,
the internal consistency coefficients of the inventory dimensions are in
harmony with the original inventory and serve the purpose of the scale. In
conclusion the Turkish adaptation of the SHALOM Inventory can be used in
different disciplines of psychology, educational sciences, and social sciences.













Spirituality should not only be defined within the framework of Western
theories, but the nature and likelihood of the spirituality predicted by Islam
should be discussed. Moreover, the types and dimensions of Islamic spirituality
should be determined by taking into account the cultural subjectivity of an
Islamic character. In the study of spirituality, the human model which
modernity presents universally should not be accepted as the only truth. It
should be tried to develop human models that come from Islamic culture and
history and which are specific to us and define us. This should be taken into
account not only in mental health / religious studies, but also in psychology
of religion in general. In addition, culture-specificity should be given
importance, and the experience gained from the cultural accumulation developed
by the Turkish civilization with the Islamic doctrine should lead to the
studies of spirituality. In this respect, this study aims to adapt the value
and spiritual orientation of a different culture to Turkish culture, but it is
problematic to construct the concept with Western values. Although Western
values are similar to Islamic values and principles, it is envisaged that it
may be difficult to measure the concept of spirituality in practice. 

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Manevi Sağlık ve Hayata Yönelim Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması

Yıl 2019, , 415 - 439, 15.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.535663

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı öğrencilerin manevi sağlık ve
hayata yönelimi belirlemeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı ortaya
koymaktır. Bu amaçla Fisher’ın (2010) geliştirdiği Spiritual Health and
Life-Orientation Measure (SHALOM) envanteri Türkçe’ye uyarlanmıştır.
Uyarlama çalışması Ankara ve Muş illerinde öğrenim gören üç çalışma grubu
kapsamındaki 1591 lise öğrencisi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Özgün formu dört boyut
ve yirmi maddeden oluşan ve dili İngilizce olan envanter, Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve
örneklem verileri üzerinde faktör analizleri ve geçerlik ile güvenirlik
çalışması uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda Türkçeye uyarlanan envanter, özgün
formu ile benzerlik gösteren dört boyuttan (kişisel, toplumsal, çevresel ve
aşkın) oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca envanter boyutlarının iç tutarlık katsayılarının
özgün envanter ile mükemmel uyumda olduğu ve ölçeğin amacına hizmet ettiği
anlaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, öğrencilerinin ruh sağlığı ve
hayata yönelimlerinin ölçülmesinde Türkçeye uyarlanan Manevi Sağlık ve Hayata Yönelim
Envanterinin, psikoloji, eğitim bilimleri ve sosyal bilimlerin farklı
disiplinlerinde kullanılabileceği anlaşılmaktadır.

Özet: Toplumsal
alanın önemli bir dinamiği ve taşıyıcısı olan din kavramı, 18. Yüzyılın ikinci
yarısından itibaren ikili bir ayrıma gitmiş; din kavramı içerisinden, maneviyat
kavramı rafine edilmeye başlanmıştır.
Din ve maneviyat kavramlarını tanımlamak çok zordur; din, ideoloji ve
inanç kurallarına odaklanırken; maneviyat, din ötesine uzanan bireysel deneyim
ve karşılıklı ilişkileri merkeze almaktadır. Bu nedenle, farklı maneviyat ve
din tanımları farklı bakış açılarından yapılmış ve bu çerçevede geliştirilen
ölçeklerle maneviyatı ölçmek amaçlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, farklı maneviyat
ölçekleri ile yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar birbirinden önemli
ölçüde farklı olmuştur; bu ise maneviyatın kullanılan ölçeğe bağlı olarak
tanımlandığı ve kavramsallaştırıldığı anlamına gelir. Maneviyat üzerine yapılan
erken dönem çalışmalarda çoğunlukla din, sağlık, psikoloji ve çalışma hayatı
üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmalarda, maneviyat kavramı tanımlandıktan
sonra; kavramın sağlık, din, psikoloji ve iş hayatı ile ilişkisi veya insan
hayatı için gerekliliği tartışılmaktadır. Batı'da, 1950'lere kadar, din ve
maneviyat kavramları birbirleri ile ilişkili biçimde kullanılmıştır. Ancak
bugün bu iki kavram neredeyse tamamen birbirinden ayrılmıştır.

Literatürde, maneviyatı ölçmek için çok sayıda envanter geliştirme
çalışması bulunmaktadır. Envanterin farklı kavramsal temellere dayanarak
çalışması gerçeği, ruh sağlığı ve yaşam yönelimi hakkında genel, anlamlı ve
tutarlı bir sonuç çıkarmayı zorlaştırır. Ayrıca, maneviyat ölçümlerinin yabancı
bir kültürün dinini ve değerlerini yansıttığı gerçeğinden hareketle kapsamlı
veya evrensel ölçüm söz konusu olamaz. Bu noktada, Fisher, maneviyatı ölçmek
amacıyla geliştirilen ölçme araçlarını "din ile maneviyatı
karıştırdıkları", "değerler dünyasına bağlı olmak",
"kültürel farklılıkları hesaba katmamak", "ve sadece mistik /
manevi tecrübe " noktasında eleştirir. Sonuç olarak, Batı'nın kavramsal
yapısında geliştirilen hiçbir ölçümün kültürel esnekliği hesaba katmadığı ve
manevi değerlerini evrensel ya da yaygın olarak kabul etmediği söylenebilir.

Bu çalışma ile Türk kültürüne adapte edilmesi planlanan, Fisher
tarafından geliştirilen SHALOM envanteri, kişilerarası ilişki dünyasını
oluşturan dört temel (bireysel, sosyal, çevresel ve aşkın) alana dayanan modele
dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Fisher'ın çalışmalarında olduğu gibi, maneviyat
kavramı, dinden bağımsız ve dinlerin üzerinde olduğu düşünülen farklı
yoğunluktaki kavramlarla etkileşimini vurgulamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, maneviyat
kavramı, kişinin kişisel alanı, sosyal konumu, doğası ve aşkın gücü ile
iletişim içindedir. Bu uyarlama çalışması, öğrencilerin ruhsal sağlık düzeyleri
hakkında faydalı bilgiler ve yorumlar sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca kültürel esnekliğe
sahip olduğu vurgulanan ve farklı dillere de uyarlanan SHALOM envanterinin Türk
kültürüne uyarlanması ile din psikolojisi literatürüne yeni ve farklı bir ölçme
aracı sunularak maneviyat kavramının doğasının anlaşılması çalışmaları
kolaylaşacaktır.

Bu araştırma, öğrenciler için geliştirilen ruhsal sağlık ve yaşam
yönelimi ölçeğinin envanterini Türk kültürüne uyarlamak için yapılmıştır. Bu
envanter uyarlama çalışması Ankara ve Muş illerindeki üç çalışma grubundan ve
1591 lise öğrencisinden toplanan verilerle yapılmıştır. İlk çalışma grubu 414,
ikinci çalışma grubu 788, üçüncü grup ise 389 lise öğrencisinden oluşmuştur.
414 öğrenciden toplanan veriler Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) analizi için,
788 öğrenciden toplanan veriler Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için
kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, envanterin ölçüt geçerliliğini belirlemek için 389
öğrenci kullanılmıştır. Türkçe'ye uyarlanması amaçlanan SHALOM envanterinin
asıl dili İngilizce'dir ve çeviri çalışmaları, her iki dilin de dilbilgisi ve
anlamsal özelliklerini bilen üç dil uzmanı tarafından ayrı ayrı yürütülmüştür.
Çeviri çalışmalarından sonra ölçek örnekleme grubuna uygulanmış ve örneklem
veriler üzerinde AFA uygulanmıştır. AFA sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde,
orijinal envantere benzeyen bir faktör çatısının oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir.
Belirleyici faktörlere, SHALOM'un orijinal formundaki teorik ve boyut isimleri
dikkate alınarak uygun isimler (kişisel, çevresel, sosyal ve aşkın)
verilmiştir. Yapı geçerliği Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ile teyit edilmiş
ve DFA'nın bir sonucu olarak, X2/sd (1.72) oranı ve IFI (0.96) uyum
göstergesinin test edilen modele uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Sonuç olarak, Manevi Sağlık ve Hayata Yönelim Envanterinin, orijinal
envanterde olduğu gibi dört boyuttan oluştuğu, envanter boyutlarının iç
tutarlılık katsayılarının asıl envanterle mükemmel uyum içinde olduğu ve
ölçeğin amacına hizmet ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar göz önüne alındığında,
Türkçe'ye uyarlanmış olan Manevi Sağlık ve Hayata Yönelim Envanterinin, din
psikolojisi, eğitim bilimleri ve sosyal bilimlerin farklı disiplinlerinde
kullanılabileceği anlaşılmaktadır.













Maneviyat, sadece Batılı kuramlar çerçevesinde tanımlanmamalı, İslamın
öngördüğü maneviyatın niteliği ve olabilirliği tartışılmalıdır. Dahası İslam
maneviyatının tipleri ve boyutları, İslami bir karakterde kültürel öznellik
dikkate alınarak belirlenmelidir. Maneviyatı ölçme çalışmalarında, modernitenin
evrensel olarak sunduğu insan modeli tek hakikat olarak kabul edilmemelidir.
İslam kültür ve tarihi içerisinden süzülerek gelen, bize özgü ve bizi
tanımlayan insan modelleri geliştirilmeye çalışılmalıdır. Bu husus, sadece ruh
sağlığı/din çalışmalarında değil, genel anlamda din psikolojisi calışmalarında
dikkate alınmalıdır. Bunun yanında kültüre özgülük önemsenmeli, Türk
medeniyetinin İslam doktrini ile geliştirdiği kültürel birikimden edinilen
tecrübeyle maneviyat çalışmalarına yön verilmelidir. Bu açıdan, bu çalışma
farklı bir kültüre ait değer ve manevi yönelimi, Türk kültürüne uyarlama
amacını gütse de kavramın Batı değerleri ile kurgulanması sorunludur. Ayrıca
Batı değerlerinin, İslam değer ve ilkeleri ile benzeşmesine rağmen, uygulamada
maneviyat kavramını tam olarak ölçmekte zorlanabileceği öngörülmektedir.

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Toplam 92 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ali Baltacı 0000-0003-2550-8698

Mehmet Kamil Coşkun 0000-0002-5669-2777

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Baltacı, Ali - Coşkun, Mehmet Kamil. “Manevi Sağlık Ve Hayata Yönelim Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 23/1 (Haziran 2019), 415-439. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.535663.

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.