Research Article
Year 2016,
Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 11 - 34, 15.06.2016
Abstract
This article aims to study Sufism (taṣawwuf) and inspiration (ilhâm), which is the main means of the mystical knowledge, in the thought of Ibn Taymiyya who is known generally as an exponent of a tradition grounded on the understanding of Salaf. He is considered by majority to be a rigid opponent of Sufism because of his unconventional interpretations of Sufi terminology. Also, since Ibn Taymiyya constantly offers the Qur’ān, ḥadīth, and the opinions of Salaf as the base of religious knowledge, the idea that he does not lean toward inspirational and rational knowledge and he does not give a place for them in his epistemology came out and has grown in the course of time. As a result of our research, however, we realize Ibn Taymiyya admits the epistemological value of inspiration along with Sufism conditionally. While he divides Sufism into Early and Later periods, he examines inspiration in the context of knowledge (bâb al-ʿilm) which is considered to be a subcategory of supernatural events. Ibn Taymiyya, who believes that inspirational knowledge must be tested by means of the Qur’ān, Sunna, and the opinions of Salaf, without rejecting its reality, assesses the subject matter in detail through his own criteria. Therefore, this article, in which the subject is elaborated critically and descriptively, focuses on the approach of Ibn Taymiyya to Sufism and inspiration that is the basic element of Sufi knowledge.
References
- Abrahamov, Binyamin. “Ibn Taymiyya on the Agreement of Reason with Tradition.” The Muslim World 82, sy. 3-4 (1992): 256-273.
- Affifi, Abul Ela. “Ibn ʿArabī.” A History of Muslim Philosophy: With Short Accounts of Other Disciplines and the Modern Renaissance in Muslim Lands içinde, ed. Mian Mohammad Sharif, 398-420. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1963.
- Affifi, Abul Ela. The Mystical Philosophy of Muhyi al-Din Ibnul Arabī. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1979.
- Akasoy, Anna. “Andalusi Exceptionalism: The Example of “Philosophical Sufism” and the Significance of 1212.” Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 4, sy. 1 (2012): 113-117.
- Al-Ansari, Moulana Muhammad Abu Bakr Gazipuri. Was Ibn Taymiah from the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaʿah. Karachi: Zam Zam, 2010.
- Al-Matroudi, Abdul Hakim I.. The Hanbali School of Law and Ibn Taymiyyah: Conflict or Conciliation. London: Routledge, 2006.
- Ansari, Muhammad ʿAbdul-Haqq. Ibn Taymiyyah Expounds on Islam: Selected Writings of Shaykh al-Islam Taqi ad-Din Ibn Taymiyyah on Islamic Faith, Life, and Society. Riyad: General Administration of Culture and Publication, 2000.
- Chittick, William C.. “Rūmī and waḥdat al-wujūd,” Poetry and Mysticism in Islam: The Heritage of Rūmī içinde, ed. Amin Banani, Richard Houannisian and Georges Sabagh, 70-111. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
- Arpa, Enver. İbn Teymiyye'nin Kur'an Anlayışı. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2002.
- Bori, Caterina. “Ibn Taymiyya wa-Jamāʿatuhū: Authority, Conflict and Consensus in Ibn Taymiyya’s Circle.” Ibn Taymiyya and His Times içinde, ed. Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed, 23-52. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Chittick, William C.. The Self-Disclosure of God: Principles of Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Cosmology. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
- Chittick, William C.. The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Metaphysics of Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
- Chodkiewicz, Michel. Seal of the Saints: Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn ʿArabī. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
- Dağ, Mehmet. Muhyiddin Ibnu’l-Arabī’nin Tasavvuf Felsefesi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 1975.
- el-Tûsî, Ebû Nasr el-Serrâc. Kitâb el-Lümaʿ. nşr. Abdülhalim Mahmud, Taha Abdülbâki Sürûr. Kahire: Dâr el-Kütüb el-Hadîse, 1960.
- Hakim, Souad. “The Way of Walāya (Sainthood or Friendship of God),” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society 18 (1995) erişim Ocak 2016. http://www.ibnarabisociety.org/articles/wayofwalaya.html.
- Hallaq, Wael B.. Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
- Halverson, Jeffry R.. Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ashʿarism, and Political Sunnism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
- Homerin, Th. Emeril. “Ibn Taimīya’s al-Ṣūfīyah wa-al-Fuqarā.” Arabica 32, sy. 2 (1985): 219-244.
- Hoover, Jon. Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
- Husaini, S. A. Q.. The Pantheistic Monism of Ibn al-ʿArabī. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1970.
- Ibn al-ʿArabī, Muḥyī al-Dīn. The Bezels of Wisdom: Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam. trc. R. W. J. Austin. New York: Paulist Press, 1980.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. Der’ü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl. nşr. Muhammed Reşâd Sâlim. Riyad: Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd, 1979-1983.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. Mecmûʿ fetâvâ Şeyhülislam Ahmed İbn Teymiye. nşr. Abdurrahman b. Muhammed b. Kâsım ve Muhammed b. Abdurrahman b. Muhammed. Medine: Mücemmâʿ el-Mâlik Fahd, 2004.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. El-Cevâbü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ li-men beddele dîne’l-Mesîḥ. nşr. Ali b. Hasan b. Nâsır, Abdülaziz b. İbrahim el-Asker, Hamdân b. Muhammed el-Hamdân. Riyad: Dârü’l-Âsıme, 1419/1999.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. er-Red ʿale’l-manṭıkıyyîn. nşr. Abdussamed Şerefeddin el-Kütübî. Beyrut: Müessese el-Reyân, 2005.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. İḳtiżâ’ü’ṣ-ṣırâṭi’l-müstaḳîm li-muhalefeti aṣḥâbi’l-cehîm. nşr. Ahmed Hamdi İmâm. Cidde: Dâr el-Medenî, 1986.
- Ibn Taymiyya, Aḥmad Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm. Sharḥ al-Futūḥ al-Ghayb: Commentary on Revelations of the Unseen: Concerning the Discourses of Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī. trc. Muhtar Holland. Fort Lauderdale: Al-Baz Publication, 2010.
- İbn Teymiye. nşr. Abdurrahman b. Muhammed b. Kâsım ve Muhammed b. Abdurrahman b. Muhammed. Medine: Mücemmâʿ el-Mâlik Fahd, 2004.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. Mecmûʿatü’r-resâ’il ve’l-mesâil, nşr. Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ. Kahire: Matbaʿa el-Menâr, 1922-1930.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. Minhâcü’s-sünnetü’n-nebeviyye fî naḳżi kelâmi’ş-Şîʿa ve’l-Ḳaderiyye. nşr. Muhammed Reşâd Sâlim. Riyad: Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye, 1986.
- İbnü’l-Arabȋ, Muhiddin. El-Fütûḥât el-mekkiyye. Kahire: 1911.
- Kara, Mustafa. “Çok Uzak Çok Yakın: İbn Arabī – İbn Teymiye Mukayesesi.” Tasavvuf İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 9, sy. 21 (2008): 27-30.
- Kara, Mustafa. “İbn Teymiye'nin İlk Sufilere ve Tasavvuf Klasiklerine Bakışı.” Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1, sy. 1 (1986): 63-67.
- Kara, Mustafa. “İbn Teymiye’nin Tasavvuf Istılahlarına Bakışı.” Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1, sy. 1 (1986): 53-61.
- Kara, Mustafa. “Takıyüddin İbn Teymiyye.” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 20: 413-414. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1999.
- Knysh, Alexander D.. Ibn ʻArabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
- Kügelgen, Anke von. “The Poison of Philosophy: Ibn Taymiyya’s Struggle For and Against Reason.” Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya içinde, ed. Birgit Krawietz and Georges Tamer, 253-328. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013.
- Landau, Rom. “The Philosophy of Ibn ʿArabī.” Islamic Philosophy and Theology: Critical Concepts in Islamic Thought içinde, ed. Ian Richard Netton, 4:135-150. New York: Routledge, 2007.
- Makari, Victor E.. Ibn Taymiyyah’s Ethics: The Social Factor. California: Scholars Press, 1983.
- Makdisi, George. Religion, Law, and Learning in Classical Islam. Great Britain: Variorum, 1991.
- Memon, Muhammad Umar. Ibn Taimīya’s Struggle Against Popular Religion: With an Annotated Translation of his Kitāb iqtiḍāʾ aṣ-ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm mukhālafat aṣḥāb al-jaḥīm. The Hague: Mouton, 1976.
- Michel, Thomas F.. A Muslim Theologian’s Response to Christianity: Ibn Taymiyya’s Al-Jawāb al-ṣaḥīḥ. Delmar: Caravan Books, 1985.
- Michot, Yahya. Against Extremisms. Beirut: Albouraq Editions, 2012.
- Michot, Yahya. “Ibn Taymiyya’s Commentary on the Creed of al-Ḥallāj.” Sufism and Theology içinde, ed. Ayman Shihadeh, 123-136. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
- Michot, Yahya J.. “A Mamlūk Theologian’s Commentary on Avicenna’s Risāla Aḍḥawiyya: Being a Translation of a Part of the Dar’ al-Taʿāruḍ of Ibn Taymiyya with Introduction, Annotation, and Appendices. Part 2..” Journal Of Islamic Studies 14, sy. 3 (2003): 309-363.
- Morris, James Winston. “Ibn ʿArabî and His Interpreters Part I: Recent French Translations.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106, sy. 3 (1986): 539-551.
- Özervarlı, M. Sait. “Takıyüddin İbn Teymiyye.” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 20: 405-413. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1999.
- Özervarlı, M. Sait. İbn Teymiyye’nin Düşünce Metodolojisi ve Kelâmcılara Eleştirisi. İstanbul: İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi, 2008.
- Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
- Rahman, Fazlur. Revival and Reform in Islam: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism. Oxford: Oneworld, 2000.
- Renard, John. Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism: Foundations of Islamic Mystical Theology. New York: Paulist Press, 2004.
- Rustom, Mohammed. “Is Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Ontology Pantheistic?” Journal of Islamic Philosophy 2 (2006): 53-97.
- Yazıcı, Muhammet. “İbn Teymiyye’nin Mecmûʿu Fetâvâ İsimli Eserinde Ehl-i Bidʿat Fırkalarına Bakışı.” Doktora tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, 1998.
Year 2016,
Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 11 - 34, 15.06.2016
Abstract
ÖZ: Bu makalenin amacı Selef anlayışına dayalı bir geleneğin savunucusu olarak tanınan İbn Teymiyye’nin tasavvufa ve tasavvufî bilginin temel aracı olan ilhama yaklaşımını çalışmaktır. Tasavvufî ıstılahları genel sûfî anlayıştan farklı bir şekilde yorumlayan İbn Teymiyye birçok kimse tarafından katı bir tasavvuf karşıtı olarak görülmüştür. Ayrıca İbn Teymiyye’nin sürekli olarak Kur’an, hadis ve Selefin düşüncelerini dinî bilginin temeli olarak sunması onun ilham ve rasyonel metotlar ile elde edilen bilgiye sıcak bakmadığı, bunlara epistemolojisinde yer vermediği düşüncesinin ortaya çıkmasına ve zaman içinde gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Hâlbuki araştırmamızın sonucunda İbn Teymiyye’nin tasavvufu belli şartlar ile kabul etmesinin yanı sıra ilhamın epistemolojik değerini de onayladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. O, tasavvufu erken dönem ve sonraki dönem tasavvuf olarak incelerken, ilhamı doğaüstü olayların bir alt kategorisi olarak gördüğü ilim bâbında ele almaktadır. Tasavvufun ve ilham ile gelen bilginin Kur’an, sünnet ve Selefin düşünceleri ışığında test edilmesi gerektiğine inanan İbn Teymiyye’nin yaptığı reddetmek değil, kendi kriterleri doğrultusunda meseleyi detaylı olarak incelemektir. Bu nedenle, konuyu eleştirel ve betimsel olarak ele alan makalemiz İbn Teymiyye’nin tasavvufa ve tasavvufî bilginin temel dayanağı olan ilhama yönelik tutumuna odaklanmaktadır.
References
- Abrahamov, Binyamin. “Ibn Taymiyya on the Agreement of Reason with Tradition.” The Muslim World 82, sy. 3-4 (1992): 256-273.
- Affifi, Abul Ela. “Ibn ʿArabī.” A History of Muslim Philosophy: With Short Accounts of Other Disciplines and the Modern Renaissance in Muslim Lands içinde, ed. Mian Mohammad Sharif, 398-420. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1963.
- Affifi, Abul Ela. The Mystical Philosophy of Muhyi al-Din Ibnul Arabī. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1979.
- Akasoy, Anna. “Andalusi Exceptionalism: The Example of “Philosophical Sufism” and the Significance of 1212.” Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 4, sy. 1 (2012): 113-117.
- Al-Ansari, Moulana Muhammad Abu Bakr Gazipuri. Was Ibn Taymiah from the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaʿah. Karachi: Zam Zam, 2010.
- Al-Matroudi, Abdul Hakim I.. The Hanbali School of Law and Ibn Taymiyyah: Conflict or Conciliation. London: Routledge, 2006.
- Ansari, Muhammad ʿAbdul-Haqq. Ibn Taymiyyah Expounds on Islam: Selected Writings of Shaykh al-Islam Taqi ad-Din Ibn Taymiyyah on Islamic Faith, Life, and Society. Riyad: General Administration of Culture and Publication, 2000.
- Chittick, William C.. “Rūmī and waḥdat al-wujūd,” Poetry and Mysticism in Islam: The Heritage of Rūmī içinde, ed. Amin Banani, Richard Houannisian and Georges Sabagh, 70-111. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
- Arpa, Enver. İbn Teymiyye'nin Kur'an Anlayışı. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2002.
- Bori, Caterina. “Ibn Taymiyya wa-Jamāʿatuhū: Authority, Conflict and Consensus in Ibn Taymiyya’s Circle.” Ibn Taymiyya and His Times içinde, ed. Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed, 23-52. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Chittick, William C.. The Self-Disclosure of God: Principles of Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Cosmology. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
- Chittick, William C.. The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Metaphysics of Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
- Chodkiewicz, Michel. Seal of the Saints: Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn ʿArabī. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
- Dağ, Mehmet. Muhyiddin Ibnu’l-Arabī’nin Tasavvuf Felsefesi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 1975.
- el-Tûsî, Ebû Nasr el-Serrâc. Kitâb el-Lümaʿ. nşr. Abdülhalim Mahmud, Taha Abdülbâki Sürûr. Kahire: Dâr el-Kütüb el-Hadîse, 1960.
- Hakim, Souad. “The Way of Walāya (Sainthood or Friendship of God),” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society 18 (1995) erişim Ocak 2016. http://www.ibnarabisociety.org/articles/wayofwalaya.html.
- Hallaq, Wael B.. Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
- Halverson, Jeffry R.. Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ashʿarism, and Political Sunnism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
- Homerin, Th. Emeril. “Ibn Taimīya’s al-Ṣūfīyah wa-al-Fuqarā.” Arabica 32, sy. 2 (1985): 219-244.
- Hoover, Jon. Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
- Husaini, S. A. Q.. The Pantheistic Monism of Ibn al-ʿArabī. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1970.
- Ibn al-ʿArabī, Muḥyī al-Dīn. The Bezels of Wisdom: Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam. trc. R. W. J. Austin. New York: Paulist Press, 1980.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. Der’ü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl. nşr. Muhammed Reşâd Sâlim. Riyad: Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd, 1979-1983.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. Mecmûʿ fetâvâ Şeyhülislam Ahmed İbn Teymiye. nşr. Abdurrahman b. Muhammed b. Kâsım ve Muhammed b. Abdurrahman b. Muhammed. Medine: Mücemmâʿ el-Mâlik Fahd, 2004.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. El-Cevâbü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ li-men beddele dîne’l-Mesîḥ. nşr. Ali b. Hasan b. Nâsır, Abdülaziz b. İbrahim el-Asker, Hamdân b. Muhammed el-Hamdân. Riyad: Dârü’l-Âsıme, 1419/1999.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. er-Red ʿale’l-manṭıkıyyîn. nşr. Abdussamed Şerefeddin el-Kütübî. Beyrut: Müessese el-Reyân, 2005.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. İḳtiżâ’ü’ṣ-ṣırâṭi’l-müstaḳîm li-muhalefeti aṣḥâbi’l-cehîm. nşr. Ahmed Hamdi İmâm. Cidde: Dâr el-Medenî, 1986.
- Ibn Taymiyya, Aḥmad Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm. Sharḥ al-Futūḥ al-Ghayb: Commentary on Revelations of the Unseen: Concerning the Discourses of Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī. trc. Muhtar Holland. Fort Lauderdale: Al-Baz Publication, 2010.
- İbn Teymiye. nşr. Abdurrahman b. Muhammed b. Kâsım ve Muhammed b. Abdurrahman b. Muhammed. Medine: Mücemmâʿ el-Mâlik Fahd, 2004.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. Mecmûʿatü’r-resâ’il ve’l-mesâil, nşr. Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ. Kahire: Matbaʿa el-Menâr, 1922-1930.
- İbn Teymiyye, Takıyüddin Ahmed. Minhâcü’s-sünnetü’n-nebeviyye fî naḳżi kelâmi’ş-Şîʿa ve’l-Ḳaderiyye. nşr. Muhammed Reşâd Sâlim. Riyad: Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye, 1986.
- İbnü’l-Arabȋ, Muhiddin. El-Fütûḥât el-mekkiyye. Kahire: 1911.
- Kara, Mustafa. “Çok Uzak Çok Yakın: İbn Arabī – İbn Teymiye Mukayesesi.” Tasavvuf İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 9, sy. 21 (2008): 27-30.
- Kara, Mustafa. “İbn Teymiye'nin İlk Sufilere ve Tasavvuf Klasiklerine Bakışı.” Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1, sy. 1 (1986): 63-67.
- Kara, Mustafa. “İbn Teymiye’nin Tasavvuf Istılahlarına Bakışı.” Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1, sy. 1 (1986): 53-61.
- Kara, Mustafa. “Takıyüddin İbn Teymiyye.” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 20: 413-414. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1999.
- Knysh, Alexander D.. Ibn ʻArabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
- Kügelgen, Anke von. “The Poison of Philosophy: Ibn Taymiyya’s Struggle For and Against Reason.” Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya içinde, ed. Birgit Krawietz and Georges Tamer, 253-328. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013.
- Landau, Rom. “The Philosophy of Ibn ʿArabī.” Islamic Philosophy and Theology: Critical Concepts in Islamic Thought içinde, ed. Ian Richard Netton, 4:135-150. New York: Routledge, 2007.
- Makari, Victor E.. Ibn Taymiyyah’s Ethics: The Social Factor. California: Scholars Press, 1983.
- Makdisi, George. Religion, Law, and Learning in Classical Islam. Great Britain: Variorum, 1991.
- Memon, Muhammad Umar. Ibn Taimīya’s Struggle Against Popular Religion: With an Annotated Translation of his Kitāb iqtiḍāʾ aṣ-ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm mukhālafat aṣḥāb al-jaḥīm. The Hague: Mouton, 1976.
- Michel, Thomas F.. A Muslim Theologian’s Response to Christianity: Ibn Taymiyya’s Al-Jawāb al-ṣaḥīḥ. Delmar: Caravan Books, 1985.
- Michot, Yahya. Against Extremisms. Beirut: Albouraq Editions, 2012.
- Michot, Yahya. “Ibn Taymiyya’s Commentary on the Creed of al-Ḥallāj.” Sufism and Theology içinde, ed. Ayman Shihadeh, 123-136. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
- Michot, Yahya J.. “A Mamlūk Theologian’s Commentary on Avicenna’s Risāla Aḍḥawiyya: Being a Translation of a Part of the Dar’ al-Taʿāruḍ of Ibn Taymiyya with Introduction, Annotation, and Appendices. Part 2..” Journal Of Islamic Studies 14, sy. 3 (2003): 309-363.
- Morris, James Winston. “Ibn ʿArabî and His Interpreters Part I: Recent French Translations.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106, sy. 3 (1986): 539-551.
- Özervarlı, M. Sait. “Takıyüddin İbn Teymiyye.” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 20: 405-413. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1999.
- Özervarlı, M. Sait. İbn Teymiyye’nin Düşünce Metodolojisi ve Kelâmcılara Eleştirisi. İstanbul: İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi, 2008.
- Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
- Rahman, Fazlur. Revival and Reform in Islam: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism. Oxford: Oneworld, 2000.
- Renard, John. Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism: Foundations of Islamic Mystical Theology. New York: Paulist Press, 2004.
- Rustom, Mohammed. “Is Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Ontology Pantheistic?” Journal of Islamic Philosophy 2 (2006): 53-97.
- Yazıcı, Muhammet. “İbn Teymiyye’nin Mecmûʿu Fetâvâ İsimli Eserinde Ehl-i Bidʿat Fırkalarına Bakışı.” Doktora tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, 1998.
There are 54 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Religious Studies |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 15, 2016 |
| Submission Date | January 12, 2016 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2016Volume: 20 Issue: 1 |
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