Askeri Sosyoloji: Kuruluş, Gelişim ve Gelecek Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Barış Ateş

Araştırma Makalesi

Askeri Sosyoloji: Kuruluş, Gelişim ve Gelecek Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 53 - 74, 27.04.2020

Barış Ateş

Öz

Askeri sosyolojinin, sosyolojinin bir alt disiplini olarak ortaya çıkışı II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası döneme denk gelir. Bu zamanlamanın hem savaş sırasında ortaya çıkan pratik ihtiyaçlarla – ordunun sosyal sorunlarının çözümü - ilgisi vardır hem de o dönem orduda görev yapan sosyal bilimcilerin savaştan sonra da özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (ABD) askeri meseleler üzerine çalışmaya devam etmelerinin sonucudur. Sonrasında Kore Savaşı, Vietnam Savaşı, zorunlu askerliğin kaldırılması ve barış gücü harekatlarında ortaya çıkan yeni sorunlar askeri sosyolojinin de genişlemesini ve doğal olarak gelişmesini sağlamıştır. Soğuk Savaş döneminin sona ermesi ile birlikte askeri sosyoloji araştırmaları Avrupa’da da ivme kazanmış ve günümüzde artık sosyolojinin bir alt dalı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu alan son yıllarda dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde de hem silahlı kuvvetlerin hem de akademik çevrelerin ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu makale askeri sosyolojinin bir alt disiplin olarak kuruluşunu, gelişimini, temel araştırma konuları ve diğer bilim dalları ile olan ilişkisini tarihsel süreç içerisinde açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca bu alanın farklı ülkelerdeki gelişim modellerini ve sorun alanlarını ele almaktadır. Askeri sosyolojinin tarihsel süreç içinde gelişimini açıklamak için bir makalenin yeterli olması elbette beklenemez. Ancak Türkiye’de bu alanda giderek artan ilgiyi bir nebze olsun karşılama fırsatı verecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

askeri sosyoloji, askeri sosyoloji konuları, disiplinlerarasılık, Morris Janowitz

Kaynakça

Babin, N.E. ve Segal, D.R., “Institutional Change in Armed Forces at the Dawning of the 21st Century”, Military Sociology: Global Perspectives, (ed) Leena Parmar, (Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 1999), s.51-88.
Başpınar, A., “Sosyolojinin Konusu Olarak Ordu ve Asker: Askeri Sosyoloji”, Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3. Dizi, 24. Sayı, 2012/1, 279-314.
Başpınar, A., Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Sivil-Asker İlişkileri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Programı, İstanbul, 2019.
Ben-Ari, E.; Maman, D. ve Rosenhek, Z., “Military Sociological Research in Israel”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D.Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.91-115.
Birand, M.A., Emret Komutanım, (İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları, 1986).
Boëne, B., “Teaching Sociology at Saint-Cyr, 1983-2004 and Beyond A Personal Account”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s.16-35.
Boëne, B., “Social Science Research, War and the Military in the United States: An Outsider’s View of the Field’s Dominant National Tradition”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel, ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.149-253.
Burk, J. ve Segal, D.R., “Editor’s Introduction”, Military Sociology, (ed) David R. Segal ve James Burk, Cilt 1, (Londra: SAGE Publications, 2012), s.xxv-xlvii
Burk, J., “Morris Janowitz and the Origins of Sociological Research on Armed Forces and Society”, Armed Forces and Society, Cilt 19, No 2, 1993, s.167-185.
Burk, J., “Theories of Democratic Civil-Military Relations”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt.29, No 1, 2002, s.7-29.
Caforio, G., “Introduction”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, Marina Nuciari, 2. Basım, (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2018), s.1-7.
Caforio, G., “Introduction: The Interdisciplinary and Cross-National Character of Social Studies on the Military-The Need for Such an Approach”, Social Sciences and the Military: An Interdisciplinary Overview, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007), s.1-20.
Caforio, G. ve Nuciari, M., “Conclusion: Themes and Issues of the Sociology of the Military”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, Marina Nuciari, 2. Basım, (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2018), s.615-622.
Caforio, G. ve Hong, D., “Some Historical Notes”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, Marina Nuciari, 2.Basım, (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2018), s.9-31.
Caforio, G., “Military Sociological Research in Italy”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.116-127.
Çaya, S., Savaş Sosyolojisine Türkiye Açısından Bir Yaklaşım, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, (Ankara, 1998).
Clever, M., Sociology of War, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756384/obo-9780199756384-0161.xml, Erişim tarihi: 21 Aralık 2019.
Crabb, T. ve Segal, D.R., “Comparative Systems of Analysis: Military Sociology in the United States and Europe”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, Marina Nuciari, 2. Basım, (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2018), s.61-86.
Dandeker, C., “Armed Forces and Society Research in the United Kingdom: A Review of British Military Sociology”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.68-90.
ERGOMAS, https://ergomas.ch/index.php/working-groups, Erişim tarihi: 20 Aralık 2019
Erker, Ş.G., Ordu Sosyolojisi Yolunda Bir Deneme, Cilt 1, (İstanbul: Bürhaneddin Matbaası, 1939).
Güreli, N., Astsubaylar, (İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları, 1991).
Harries-Jenkins, G. ve Moskos, C., “Trend Report: Armed Forces and Society”, Current Sociology, Cilt 29, No 3, 1981, s.1-76.
Huntington, S.P., The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, (New York: Vintage Books, 1957).
ISA, https://www.isa-sociology.org/en/research-networks/research-committees, Erişim Tarihi: 19 Ocak 2020.
Janowitz, M., “Armed Forces and Society: A World Perspective”, Armed Forces and Society: Sociological Essays, (ed) Jacques van Doorn, (Lahey: Mouton, 1968), s.15-38.
Janowitz, M., The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait, (New York: Free Press, 1960).
Kawano, H., “The Expanding Role of Sociology at Japan National Defense Academy: From None to Some and More?”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s. 122-144.
Kışlalı, A.T., “Türk Ordusu Toplumsal Kökeni Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 29, Sayı 2, 1974, s.89-105.
Klein, P., “Sociology and the Military in Germany”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.44-54.
Kurashina, Y., “Military Sociology in Japan”, Armed Forces and International Security: Global Trends and Issues, (ed) Jean Callaghan, Franz Kernic, (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2003), s.151-156.
Kümmel, G. “A Soldier Is a Soldier Is a Soldier!? The Military and Its Soldiers in an Era of Globalization”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, (New York: Springer, 2006), s.417-433.
Kümmel, G. ve Prüfert, A.D., “The Richness of Military Sociology: An Introduction”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel, A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.7-10.
Levy, Y., “Time for Critical Military Sociology”, Res Militaris, Cilt 5, No 2, 2015, s.1-8.
Martin, M.L., “French Military Sociological Research: A Still Promising Field”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.22-43.
Moelker, R. ve Soeters, J., “Van Doorn and Beyond: From Teaching Sociology to Interdisciplinary, Problem-Based Learning in Dutch Officer Training”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s. 36-48.
Morse, E.S., IUSAFS Sekreteryası, elektronik posta görüşmesi, 15 Ocak 2020.
Obraztsov, I.V., “Military Sociology in Russia: Origins, Traditions, and Prospects”, New Directions in Military Sociology, (ed) Eric Ouellet, (Whitby, Ontario: de Sitter Publications, 2005), s.61-92.
Obraztsov, I.V., “Teaching Sociology in Military Educational Institutions of Russia”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s. 162-179.
Ouellet, E., New Directions in Military Sociology, (Whitby, Ontario: de Sitter Publications, 2005), s.1-36.
Ryan, J.W., Samuel Stouffer and the GI Survey: Sociologists and Soldiers during the Second World War, (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2013).
Segal, D.R. ve Ender, M.G., “Sociology in Military Officer Education”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s.3-15.
Segal, D.R., “Military Sociology”, 21st Century Sociology, (ed) Clifton D. Bryant, Dennis L. Peck, (California: Sage Publications, 2007), s.353-360.
Siebold, G., “Core Issues and Theories of Military Sociology”, Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Cilt 29, 2001, s.140-159.
Smith, I., “Military Sociology”, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, (ed) George Ritzer, (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), s.3040-3043.
Soeters, J., “Military Sociology in the Netherlands”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A. D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.128-139.
Soeters, J., Sociology and Military Studies: Classical and Current Foundations, (New York: Routledge, 2018).
Soeters, J., Shields, P.M. ve Rietjens, S., Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014).
Sociological center of the Russian Federation Armed Forces, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, https://eng.mil.ru/en/science/sociological_center.htm, Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2019.
Stouffer, S.A. vd., The American Soldier: Adjustment During Army Life, Studies in Social Psychology in World War Vol I, (New York: Science Editions, 1965).
Swarts, J., Journal of Political and Military Sociology editörü ile elektronik posta görüşmesi, 16 Ocak 2020.
Uyar, M. ve Varoğlu, A., “In Search of Modernity and Rationality: The Evolution of Turkish Military Academy Curricula in a Historical Perspective”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s.180-202.
Van Doorn, J., “Armed Forces and Society: Patterns and Trends”, Armed Forces and Society: Sociological Essays”, (ed) Jacques van Doorn, (Lahey: Mouton, 1968), s.39-51.

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 53 - 74, 27.04.2020

Barış Ateş

Öz

Kaynakça

Babin, N.E. ve Segal, D.R., “Institutional Change in Armed Forces at the Dawning of the 21st Century”, Military Sociology: Global Perspectives, (ed) Leena Parmar, (Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 1999), s.51-88.
Başpınar, A., “Sosyolojinin Konusu Olarak Ordu ve Asker: Askeri Sosyoloji”, Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3. Dizi, 24. Sayı, 2012/1, 279-314.
Başpınar, A., Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Sivil-Asker İlişkileri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Programı, İstanbul, 2019.
Ben-Ari, E.; Maman, D. ve Rosenhek, Z., “Military Sociological Research in Israel”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D.Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.91-115.
Birand, M.A., Emret Komutanım, (İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları, 1986).
Boëne, B., “Teaching Sociology at Saint-Cyr, 1983-2004 and Beyond A Personal Account”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s.16-35.
Boëne, B., “Social Science Research, War and the Military in the United States: An Outsider’s View of the Field’s Dominant National Tradition”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel, ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.149-253.
Burk, J. ve Segal, D.R., “Editor’s Introduction”, Military Sociology, (ed) David R. Segal ve James Burk, Cilt 1, (Londra: SAGE Publications, 2012), s.xxv-xlvii
Burk, J., “Morris Janowitz and the Origins of Sociological Research on Armed Forces and Society”, Armed Forces and Society, Cilt 19, No 2, 1993, s.167-185.
Burk, J., “Theories of Democratic Civil-Military Relations”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt.29, No 1, 2002, s.7-29.
Caforio, G., “Introduction”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, Marina Nuciari, 2. Basım, (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2018), s.1-7.
Caforio, G., “Introduction: The Interdisciplinary and Cross-National Character of Social Studies on the Military-The Need for Such an Approach”, Social Sciences and the Military: An Interdisciplinary Overview, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007), s.1-20.
Caforio, G. ve Nuciari, M., “Conclusion: Themes and Issues of the Sociology of the Military”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, Marina Nuciari, 2. Basım, (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2018), s.615-622.
Caforio, G. ve Hong, D., “Some Historical Notes”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, Marina Nuciari, 2.Basım, (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2018), s.9-31.
Caforio, G., “Military Sociological Research in Italy”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.116-127.
Çaya, S., Savaş Sosyolojisine Türkiye Açısından Bir Yaklaşım, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, (Ankara, 1998).
Clever, M., Sociology of War, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756384/obo-9780199756384-0161.xml, Erişim tarihi: 21 Aralık 2019.
Crabb, T. ve Segal, D.R., “Comparative Systems of Analysis: Military Sociology in the United States and Europe”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, Marina Nuciari, 2. Basım, (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2018), s.61-86.
Dandeker, C., “Armed Forces and Society Research in the United Kingdom: A Review of British Military Sociology”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.68-90.
ERGOMAS, https://ergomas.ch/index.php/working-groups, Erişim tarihi: 20 Aralık 2019
Erker, Ş.G., Ordu Sosyolojisi Yolunda Bir Deneme, Cilt 1, (İstanbul: Bürhaneddin Matbaası, 1939).
Güreli, N., Astsubaylar, (İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları, 1991).
Harries-Jenkins, G. ve Moskos, C., “Trend Report: Armed Forces and Society”, Current Sociology, Cilt 29, No 3, 1981, s.1-76.
Huntington, S.P., The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, (New York: Vintage Books, 1957).
ISA, https://www.isa-sociology.org/en/research-networks/research-committees, Erişim Tarihi: 19 Ocak 2020.
Janowitz, M., “Armed Forces and Society: A World Perspective”, Armed Forces and Society: Sociological Essays, (ed) Jacques van Doorn, (Lahey: Mouton, 1968), s.15-38.
Janowitz, M., The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait, (New York: Free Press, 1960).
Kawano, H., “The Expanding Role of Sociology at Japan National Defense Academy: From None to Some and More?”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s. 122-144.
Kışlalı, A.T., “Türk Ordusu Toplumsal Kökeni Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 29, Sayı 2, 1974, s.89-105.
Klein, P., “Sociology and the Military in Germany”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.44-54.
Kurashina, Y., “Military Sociology in Japan”, Armed Forces and International Security: Global Trends and Issues, (ed) Jean Callaghan, Franz Kernic, (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2003), s.151-156.
Kümmel, G. “A Soldier Is a Soldier Is a Soldier!? The Military and Its Soldiers in an Era of Globalization”, Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, (ed) Giuseppe Caforio, (New York: Springer, 2006), s.417-433.
Kümmel, G. ve Prüfert, A.D., “The Richness of Military Sociology: An Introduction”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel, A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.7-10.
Levy, Y., “Time for Critical Military Sociology”, Res Militaris, Cilt 5, No 2, 2015, s.1-8.
Martin, M.L., “French Military Sociological Research: A Still Promising Field”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A.D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.22-43.
Moelker, R. ve Soeters, J., “Van Doorn and Beyond: From Teaching Sociology to Interdisciplinary, Problem-Based Learning in Dutch Officer Training”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s. 36-48.
Morse, E.S., IUSAFS Sekreteryası, elektronik posta görüşmesi, 15 Ocak 2020.
Obraztsov, I.V., “Military Sociology in Russia: Origins, Traditions, and Prospects”, New Directions in Military Sociology, (ed) Eric Ouellet, (Whitby, Ontario: de Sitter Publications, 2005), s.61-92.
Obraztsov, I.V., “Teaching Sociology in Military Educational Institutions of Russia”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s. 162-179.
Ouellet, E., New Directions in Military Sociology, (Whitby, Ontario: de Sitter Publications, 2005), s.1-36.
Ryan, J.W., Samuel Stouffer and the GI Survey: Sociologists and Soldiers during the Second World War, (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2013).
Segal, D.R. ve Ender, M.G., “Sociology in Military Officer Education”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s.3-15.
Segal, D.R., “Military Sociology”, 21st Century Sociology, (ed) Clifton D. Bryant, Dennis L. Peck, (California: Sage Publications, 2007), s.353-360.
Siebold, G., “Core Issues and Theories of Military Sociology”, Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Cilt 29, 2001, s.140-159.
Smith, I., “Military Sociology”, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, (ed) George Ritzer, (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), s.3040-3043.
Soeters, J., “Military Sociology in the Netherlands”, Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, (ed) G. Kümmel ve A. D. Prüfert, (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2000), s.128-139.
Soeters, J., Sociology and Military Studies: Classical and Current Foundations, (New York: Routledge, 2018).
Soeters, J., Shields, P.M. ve Rietjens, S., Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014).
Sociological center of the Russian Federation Armed Forces, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, https://eng.mil.ru/en/science/sociological_center.htm, Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2019.
Stouffer, S.A. vd., The American Soldier: Adjustment During Army Life, Studies in Social Psychology in World War Vol I, (New York: Science Editions, 1965).
Swarts, J., Journal of Political and Military Sociology editörü ile elektronik posta görüşmesi, 16 Ocak 2020.
Uyar, M. ve Varoğlu, A., “In Search of Modernity and Rationality: The Evolution of Turkish Military Academy Curricula in a Historical Perspective”, Armed Forces & Society, Cilt 35 No 1, Ekim 2008, s.180-202.
Van Doorn, J., “Armed Forces and Society: Patterns and Trends”, Armed Forces and Society: Sociological Essays”, (ed) Jacques van Doorn, (Lahey: Mouton, 1968), s.39-51.

Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Barış Ateş 0000-0001-8548-6924
Yayımlanma Tarihi	27 Nisan 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi	3 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2020 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago	Ateş, Barış. “Askeri Sosyoloji: Kuruluş, Gelişim Ve Gelecek Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Türk Savaş Çalışmaları Dergisi 1, sy. 1 (Nisan 2020): 53-74.