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Hint Kökenli Dinlerde Manastır Yaşamı ve Tekke Hayatı Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 43, 55 - 84, 05.01.2021

Yasin Güzeldal

Öz

Manevi bir hedefe ulaşmak için dünyevi arzuları reddetmek anlamına gelen asketizm ya da zühd hayatı, neredeyse tüm dinlerde izleri bulunan bir yaşam şeklidir. Bu yaşam şeklinin en eski izlerine ise Hint kökenli dinlerde rastlanmaktadır. Manevi olana ulaşmak için maddi olandan feragat etmek olarak da anlaşılabilecek olan asketizm ve riyazet hayatı genellikle yeme-içme, kılık-kıyafet ve uyku düzeni gibi fiziksel aktivitelere getirilen kısıtlamalarla ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu sebeple, riyazet hayatı ve asketizm ögelerinin incelendiği bu makalede, Hint kökenli dinler ve tasavvuf geleneğindeki kurumsal benzerliklerden ziyade Hint kökenli dinlerin kutsal metinleri ve tasavvuf klasikleri temel alınarak her iki geleneğin de bu konudaki benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları ortaya koyulmaya çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Riyâzet Hint Dinleri Tasavvuf Asketizm Manastır Yaşamı

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, Edwin, The Song Celestial or Bhagavad Gita, Los Angeles, Calif.: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1977.
  • Biruni, Ebü’r-Reyhan Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Harizmi, Tahkîku Mâ li’l-Hind: Bîrûnî’nin Gözüyle Hindistan, trc.: Kıvameddin Burslan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2015.
  • Bingenheimer, Marcus, Studies in Āgama literature: With Special Reference to the Shorter Chinese Saṃyuktāgama, Taiwan: Dharma Drum Buddhist College, 2010.
  • Bruhn, Klaus, “Five Vows and Six Avashyakas: The Fundamentals of Jaina Ethics”,
  • http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=59869. (erişim: 7.09.2020)
  • Cort, John E., Jains in the World Religious Values and Ideology in India, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Derin, Süleyman, “Tasavvufi Yolda İlerlemeye Bir Engel Olması Açısından Evliliğin Reddi ve Manevi Evlilik”, Tasavvuf: İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, Ankara: 2001, c.2, sayı.6, 211-226.
  • Dhyansky, Yan Y., “The Indus Valley Origin of a Yoga Practice”, Artibus Asiae, vol. 48, no. 1/2, 1987, 89-108.
  • Dreuille, Mayeul de, From East To West: A History of Monasticism, New York: Crossroad Publ., 1999.
  • Dundas, Paul, The Jains, 2nd ed, London, New York: Routledge, 2002.
  • Eraydın, Selçuk, “Çile”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay., 1993, VIII, 315-316.
  • el-Gazâlî, Ebû Hamid Muhammed, İhyâu ‘ulûmi’d-dîn, trc.: Ahmed Serdaroğlu, c.2, İstanbul: Bedir Yayınevi, 1975.
  • Geden, Alfred Shenington, “Monasticism, Hindu”, vol.8, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1908.
  • Geden, Alfred Shenington, Studies in Eastern Religions, London: C.H. Kelly, 1900.
  • Glasenapp, Helmuth von, Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvations, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidasss, 1999.
  • Gülşenî, Muhyî-i, Reşehât-ı Muhyî, haz.: Mustafa Koç-Eyyüp Tanrıverdi, İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2014.
  • Güzeldal, Yasin. Batı Manastır Geleneğinde Aziz Benedikt ve Manastır Hayatına Dair Görüşleri, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Gyatso, Lobsang. The Four Noble Truths, Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Pubications, 1994.
  • Harvey, Peter An Introduction to Buddhism, Teaching, History and Practices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Hoffman, Frank J., “Buddhism: Overview”, Encyclopedia of Monasticism, William M. Johnston (Ed.), Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000.
  • Hucvirî, Keşfu’l-mahcûb Hakikat Bilgisi, trc.: Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergâh, 1982, s. 462.
  • Iyer, Rao, The Mysore Tribes and Castles, vol.3, New Delhi: Mittal Publ., 1931.
  • Jaini, Padmanabh S., The Jaina Path of Purificationk, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998.
  • Karamustafa, Ahmet T., God’s Unruly Friends, Oxford: Oneworld, 2006.
  • Köprülü, M. Fuad, Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar, Ankara: Akçağ, 2007.
  • Kuşeyrî, Abdülkerim, Tasavvuf İlmine Dair Kuşeyrî Risalesi, (Haz: Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2003.
  • McGregor, R. S., Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Mevlâna, Mesnevî, 5/1743, trc.: Adnan Karaismailoğlu, Ankara: Akçağ, 2007.
  • Olivelle, Patrick “Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 3, 1981, 265-274.
  • Olivelle, Patrick. The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Olivelle, Patrick, The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2004.
  • Prebish, Charles. Buddhist Monastic Discipline: The Sanskrit Pratimoksa Sutras of the Mahasamghikas and Mulasarvastivadins, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975.
  • Robinson, Richard H., Willard L. Johnson, The Buddhist Religion A Historical Introduction Fourth Edition, Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth, 1997.
  • Ruffner Henry, The Fathers of The Desert, New York: Baker and Scribner, vol.1, 1850.
  • Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads, London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1968.
  • Sastri, Alladi Mahadeva, The Bhagavad Gita: with the commentary of Sri Sankaracharya, Mysore: G.T.A. Printing Works, 1901.
  • Serrac, Ebu Nasr Abdullah b. Ali et-Tusi, İslam Tasavvufu: Tasavvufla İlgili Sorular-Cevaplar: Lüma, trc.: Hasan Kamil Yılmaz, İstanbul: Altınoluk, 1996.
  • Shah, Natubhai, Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol.2, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1998.
  • http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sacred-writings/svetambara-canon/cheda-sutras/index.html (erişim: 23.01.2018).
  • Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Noida, India: Pearson, 2019.
  • Sparham, Gareth. “Sangha”, Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Robert E Buswell (ed.), New York: Macmillan Reference, II, 2004.
  • Strong, John, The Experience of Buddhism: Sources and Interpretations, Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1995.
  • Sühreverdî, Ebu Hafs Şehabeddin Ömer b. Muhammed, Tasavvufun Esasları: Avarifü’l-maarif Tercemesi, trc.: Yılmaz, Hasan Kâmil, Gündüz İrfan, İstanbul: Erkam Yayınları, 1993.
  • Squarcini, Federico, Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Şafak, Yakup, “Mevlana'ya Atfedilen” Yine Gel. ..” Rubâîsine Dair”, Tasavvuf, c.24, sayı.2, 2009, ss. 75-80.
  • The Sacred Laws of the Âryas as taught in the Schools of Âpastamba, Gautama, Vâsishtha, and Baudhâyana, trc. Georg Bühler, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1879-82.
  • The Laws of Manu, trc. Georg Bühler, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886.
  • The Path of Freedom-Vimuttimagga, trc. The Rev. N. R. M. Ehara, Soma Thera and Kheminda Thera, Colombo, Ceylon: Dr. D. Roland D. Weerasuria, 1961.
  • Tümer, Günay, Bîrûnî’ye Göre Dinler ve İslâm Dîni, Ankara: DİB Yayınları, 1986.
  • T. W. Rhys Davids, “Ahimsa”, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, I, 1908.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman, “Âdâbü’l-mürîd”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1988, I, 336-337.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman “Dilencilik”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1994, IX, 300.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman, “Hırka”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1998, XVII, 373-374.
  • Voorst, Robert E. Van, Anthology of World Scriptures, Australia: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2016.
  • Weckman, George “Ashram, Influence of”, Encyclopedia of Monasticism, Routledge, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000.
  • Winternitz, Moriz. A History of Indian Literature- Buddhist Literature and Jaina Literature, vol.2, New Delhi: Oriental Books Repr. Corp., 1977.
  • Yılmaz, Hasan Kâmil, Ana hatlarıyla Tasavvuf ve Tarîkatlar, İstanbul: Ensar Yayınları, 2004.

دراسة عن الحياة الرهبانية والحياة التكية في الأديان الهندية الأصل

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 43, 55 - 84, 05.01.2021

Yasin Güzeldal

Öz

الزهد أو تدريب الذات، الذي يعني رفض الرغبات الدنيوية لتحقيق هدف روحي، هو أسلوب حياة له آثار في جميع الأديان تقريبًا. تم العثور على أقدم آثار أسلوب الحياة هذا في الأديان الهندية الأصل. غالبًا ما يأتي الزهد و تدريب الذات، والذي يمكن فهمه على أنه نبذ للمادة من أجل الوصول إلى الروحانية، في المقدمة مع قيود على الأنشطة البدنية مثل الأكل والشرب وارتداء الملابس وأنماط النوم. لهذا السبب، في هذا المقال الذي يبحث في عناصر تدريب الذات والزهد، سيحاول الكشف عن أوجه الشبه والاختلاف بين كلا التقليدين حول هذا الموضوع، بناءً على النصوص المقدسة للأديان الهندية الأصل والصوفية الكلاسيكيات بدلاً من التشابه المؤسسي في الأديان الهندية الأصل والتقاليد الصوفية.

Anahtar Kelimeler

الزهد الأديان الهندية الصوفية الحياة الرهبانية

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, Edwin, The Song Celestial or Bhagavad Gita, Los Angeles, Calif.: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1977.
  • Biruni, Ebü’r-Reyhan Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Harizmi, Tahkîku Mâ li’l-Hind: Bîrûnî’nin Gözüyle Hindistan, trc.: Kıvameddin Burslan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2015.
  • Bingenheimer, Marcus, Studies in Āgama literature: With Special Reference to the Shorter Chinese Saṃyuktāgama, Taiwan: Dharma Drum Buddhist College, 2010.
  • Bruhn, Klaus, “Five Vows and Six Avashyakas: The Fundamentals of Jaina Ethics”,
  • http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=59869. (erişim: 7.09.2020)
  • Cort, John E., Jains in the World Religious Values and Ideology in India, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Derin, Süleyman, “Tasavvufi Yolda İlerlemeye Bir Engel Olması Açısından Evliliğin Reddi ve Manevi Evlilik”, Tasavvuf: İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, Ankara: 2001, c.2, sayı.6, 211-226.
  • Dhyansky, Yan Y., “The Indus Valley Origin of a Yoga Practice”, Artibus Asiae, vol. 48, no. 1/2, 1987, 89-108.
  • Dreuille, Mayeul de, From East To West: A History of Monasticism, New York: Crossroad Publ., 1999.
  • Dundas, Paul, The Jains, 2nd ed, London, New York: Routledge, 2002.
  • Eraydın, Selçuk, “Çile”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay., 1993, VIII, 315-316.
  • el-Gazâlî, Ebû Hamid Muhammed, İhyâu ‘ulûmi’d-dîn, trc.: Ahmed Serdaroğlu, c.2, İstanbul: Bedir Yayınevi, 1975.
  • Geden, Alfred Shenington, “Monasticism, Hindu”, vol.8, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1908.
  • Geden, Alfred Shenington, Studies in Eastern Religions, London: C.H. Kelly, 1900.
  • Glasenapp, Helmuth von, Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvations, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidasss, 1999.
  • Gülşenî, Muhyî-i, Reşehât-ı Muhyî, haz.: Mustafa Koç-Eyyüp Tanrıverdi, İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2014.
  • Güzeldal, Yasin. Batı Manastır Geleneğinde Aziz Benedikt ve Manastır Hayatına Dair Görüşleri, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Gyatso, Lobsang. The Four Noble Truths, Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Pubications, 1994.
  • Harvey, Peter An Introduction to Buddhism, Teaching, History and Practices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Hoffman, Frank J., “Buddhism: Overview”, Encyclopedia of Monasticism, William M. Johnston (Ed.), Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000.
  • Hucvirî, Keşfu’l-mahcûb Hakikat Bilgisi, trc.: Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergâh, 1982, s. 462.
  • Iyer, Rao, The Mysore Tribes and Castles, vol.3, New Delhi: Mittal Publ., 1931.
  • Jaini, Padmanabh S., The Jaina Path of Purificationk, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998.
  • Karamustafa, Ahmet T., God’s Unruly Friends, Oxford: Oneworld, 2006.
  • Köprülü, M. Fuad, Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar, Ankara: Akçağ, 2007.
  • Kuşeyrî, Abdülkerim, Tasavvuf İlmine Dair Kuşeyrî Risalesi, (Haz: Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2003.
  • McGregor, R. S., Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Mevlâna, Mesnevî, 5/1743, trc.: Adnan Karaismailoğlu, Ankara: Akçağ, 2007.
  • Olivelle, Patrick “Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 3, 1981, 265-274.
  • Olivelle, Patrick. The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Olivelle, Patrick, The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2004.
  • Prebish, Charles. Buddhist Monastic Discipline: The Sanskrit Pratimoksa Sutras of the Mahasamghikas and Mulasarvastivadins, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975.
  • Robinson, Richard H., Willard L. Johnson, The Buddhist Religion A Historical Introduction Fourth Edition, Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth, 1997.
  • Ruffner Henry, The Fathers of The Desert, New York: Baker and Scribner, vol.1, 1850.
  • Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads, London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1968.
  • Sastri, Alladi Mahadeva, The Bhagavad Gita: with the commentary of Sri Sankaracharya, Mysore: G.T.A. Printing Works, 1901.
  • Serrac, Ebu Nasr Abdullah b. Ali et-Tusi, İslam Tasavvufu: Tasavvufla İlgili Sorular-Cevaplar: Lüma, trc.: Hasan Kamil Yılmaz, İstanbul: Altınoluk, 1996.
  • Shah, Natubhai, Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol.2, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1998.
  • http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sacred-writings/svetambara-canon/cheda-sutras/index.html (erişim: 23.01.2018).
  • Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Noida, India: Pearson, 2019.
  • Sparham, Gareth. “Sangha”, Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Robert E Buswell (ed.), New York: Macmillan Reference, II, 2004.
  • Strong, John, The Experience of Buddhism: Sources and Interpretations, Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1995.
  • Sühreverdî, Ebu Hafs Şehabeddin Ömer b. Muhammed, Tasavvufun Esasları: Avarifü’l-maarif Tercemesi, trc.: Yılmaz, Hasan Kâmil, Gündüz İrfan, İstanbul: Erkam Yayınları, 1993.
  • Squarcini, Federico, Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Şafak, Yakup, “Mevlana'ya Atfedilen” Yine Gel. ..” Rubâîsine Dair”, Tasavvuf, c.24, sayı.2, 2009, ss. 75-80.
  • The Sacred Laws of the Âryas as taught in the Schools of Âpastamba, Gautama, Vâsishtha, and Baudhâyana, trc. Georg Bühler, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1879-82.
  • The Laws of Manu, trc. Georg Bühler, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886.
  • The Path of Freedom-Vimuttimagga, trc. The Rev. N. R. M. Ehara, Soma Thera and Kheminda Thera, Colombo, Ceylon: Dr. D. Roland D. Weerasuria, 1961.
  • Tümer, Günay, Bîrûnî’ye Göre Dinler ve İslâm Dîni, Ankara: DİB Yayınları, 1986.
  • T. W. Rhys Davids, “Ahimsa”, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, I, 1908.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman, “Âdâbü’l-mürîd”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1988, I, 336-337.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman “Dilencilik”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1994, IX, 300.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman, “Hırka”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1998, XVII, 373-374.
  • Voorst, Robert E. Van, Anthology of World Scriptures, Australia: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2016.
  • Weckman, George “Ashram, Influence of”, Encyclopedia of Monasticism, Routledge, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000.
  • Winternitz, Moriz. A History of Indian Literature- Buddhist Literature and Jaina Literature, vol.2, New Delhi: Oriental Books Repr. Corp., 1977.
  • Yılmaz, Hasan Kâmil, Ana hatlarıyla Tasavvuf ve Tarîkatlar, İstanbul: Ensar Yayınları, 2004.

A Study on Monastic Life and Lodge Life in Indian Originated Religions

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 43, 55 - 84, 05.01.2021

Yasin Güzeldal

Öz

Asceticism or training of the self, which means denying worldly desires to achieve a spiritual goal, is a way of life that has its traces in almost all religions. Asceticism and training of the self, which can be understood as renunciation of the material in order to reach the spiritual, often come to the fore with restrictions on physical activities such as eating and drinking, dressing and sleeping patterns. For this reason, in this article, which examines the elements of training of the self and asceticism, it will be tried to reveal the similarities and differences of both traditions on this subject, based on the sacred texts of the Indian origin religions and the Sufi classics rather than the institutional similarities in the religions of Indian origin and the Sufi tradition.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Asceticism Hindu Religions Sufism Monasticism

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, Edwin, The Song Celestial or Bhagavad Gita, Los Angeles, Calif.: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1977.
  • Biruni, Ebü’r-Reyhan Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Harizmi, Tahkîku Mâ li’l-Hind: Bîrûnî’nin Gözüyle Hindistan, trc.: Kıvameddin Burslan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2015.
  • Bingenheimer, Marcus, Studies in Āgama literature: With Special Reference to the Shorter Chinese Saṃyuktāgama, Taiwan: Dharma Drum Buddhist College, 2010.
  • Bruhn, Klaus, “Five Vows and Six Avashyakas: The Fundamentals of Jaina Ethics”,
  • http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=59869. (erişim: 7.09.2020)
  • Cort, John E., Jains in the World Religious Values and Ideology in India, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Derin, Süleyman, “Tasavvufi Yolda İlerlemeye Bir Engel Olması Açısından Evliliğin Reddi ve Manevi Evlilik”, Tasavvuf: İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, Ankara: 2001, c.2, sayı.6, 211-226.
  • Dhyansky, Yan Y., “The Indus Valley Origin of a Yoga Practice”, Artibus Asiae, vol. 48, no. 1/2, 1987, 89-108.
  • Dreuille, Mayeul de, From East To West: A History of Monasticism, New York: Crossroad Publ., 1999.
  • Dundas, Paul, The Jains, 2nd ed, London, New York: Routledge, 2002.
  • Eraydın, Selçuk, “Çile”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay., 1993, VIII, 315-316.
  • el-Gazâlî, Ebû Hamid Muhammed, İhyâu ‘ulûmi’d-dîn, trc.: Ahmed Serdaroğlu, c.2, İstanbul: Bedir Yayınevi, 1975.
  • Geden, Alfred Shenington, “Monasticism, Hindu”, vol.8, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1908.
  • Geden, Alfred Shenington, Studies in Eastern Religions, London: C.H. Kelly, 1900.
  • Glasenapp, Helmuth von, Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvations, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidasss, 1999.
  • Gülşenî, Muhyî-i, Reşehât-ı Muhyî, haz.: Mustafa Koç-Eyyüp Tanrıverdi, İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2014.
  • Güzeldal, Yasin. Batı Manastır Geleneğinde Aziz Benedikt ve Manastır Hayatına Dair Görüşleri, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Gyatso, Lobsang. The Four Noble Truths, Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Pubications, 1994.
  • Harvey, Peter An Introduction to Buddhism, Teaching, History and Practices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Hoffman, Frank J., “Buddhism: Overview”, Encyclopedia of Monasticism, William M. Johnston (Ed.), Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000.
  • Hucvirî, Keşfu’l-mahcûb Hakikat Bilgisi, trc.: Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergâh, 1982, s. 462.
  • Iyer, Rao, The Mysore Tribes and Castles, vol.3, New Delhi: Mittal Publ., 1931.
  • Jaini, Padmanabh S., The Jaina Path of Purificationk, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998.
  • Karamustafa, Ahmet T., God’s Unruly Friends, Oxford: Oneworld, 2006.
  • Köprülü, M. Fuad, Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar, Ankara: Akçağ, 2007.
  • Kuşeyrî, Abdülkerim, Tasavvuf İlmine Dair Kuşeyrî Risalesi, (Haz: Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2003.
  • McGregor, R. S., Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Mevlâna, Mesnevî, 5/1743, trc.: Adnan Karaismailoğlu, Ankara: Akçağ, 2007.
  • Olivelle, Patrick “Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 3, 1981, 265-274.
  • Olivelle, Patrick. The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Olivelle, Patrick, The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2004.
  • Prebish, Charles. Buddhist Monastic Discipline: The Sanskrit Pratimoksa Sutras of the Mahasamghikas and Mulasarvastivadins, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975.
  • Robinson, Richard H., Willard L. Johnson, The Buddhist Religion A Historical Introduction Fourth Edition, Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth, 1997.
  • Ruffner Henry, The Fathers of The Desert, New York: Baker and Scribner, vol.1, 1850.
  • Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads, London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1968.
  • Sastri, Alladi Mahadeva, The Bhagavad Gita: with the commentary of Sri Sankaracharya, Mysore: G.T.A. Printing Works, 1901.
  • Serrac, Ebu Nasr Abdullah b. Ali et-Tusi, İslam Tasavvufu: Tasavvufla İlgili Sorular-Cevaplar: Lüma, trc.: Hasan Kamil Yılmaz, İstanbul: Altınoluk, 1996.
  • Shah, Natubhai, Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol.2, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1998.
  • http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sacred-writings/svetambara-canon/cheda-sutras/index.html (erişim: 23.01.2018).
  • Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Noida, India: Pearson, 2019.
  • Sparham, Gareth. “Sangha”, Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Robert E Buswell (ed.), New York: Macmillan Reference, II, 2004.
  • Strong, John, The Experience of Buddhism: Sources and Interpretations, Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1995.
  • Sühreverdî, Ebu Hafs Şehabeddin Ömer b. Muhammed, Tasavvufun Esasları: Avarifü’l-maarif Tercemesi, trc.: Yılmaz, Hasan Kâmil, Gündüz İrfan, İstanbul: Erkam Yayınları, 1993.
  • Squarcini, Federico, Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Şafak, Yakup, “Mevlana'ya Atfedilen” Yine Gel. ..” Rubâîsine Dair”, Tasavvuf, c.24, sayı.2, 2009, ss. 75-80.
  • The Sacred Laws of the Âryas as taught in the Schools of Âpastamba, Gautama, Vâsishtha, and Baudhâyana, trc. Georg Bühler, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1879-82.
  • The Laws of Manu, trc. Georg Bühler, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886.
  • The Path of Freedom-Vimuttimagga, trc. The Rev. N. R. M. Ehara, Soma Thera and Kheminda Thera, Colombo, Ceylon: Dr. D. Roland D. Weerasuria, 1961.
  • Tümer, Günay, Bîrûnî’ye Göre Dinler ve İslâm Dîni, Ankara: DİB Yayınları, 1986.
  • T. W. Rhys Davids, “Ahimsa”, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, I, 1908.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman, “Âdâbü’l-mürîd”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1988, I, 336-337.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman “Dilencilik”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1994, IX, 300.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman, “Hırka”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1998, XVII, 373-374.
  • Voorst, Robert E. Van, Anthology of World Scriptures, Australia: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2016.
  • Weckman, George “Ashram, Influence of”, Encyclopedia of Monasticism, Routledge, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000.
  • Winternitz, Moriz. A History of Indian Literature- Buddhist Literature and Jaina Literature, vol.2, New Delhi: Oriental Books Repr. Corp., 1977.
  • Yılmaz, Hasan Kâmil, Ana hatlarıyla Tasavvuf ve Tarîkatlar, İstanbul: Ensar Yayınları, 2004.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Yasin Güzeldal

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ocak 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 43

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Güzeldal, Yasin. “Hint Kökenli Dinlerde Manastır Yaşamı Ve Tekke Hayatı Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. Tasavvuf İlmi Ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 22, sy. 43 (Ocak 2021): 55-84.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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