Öz
Kur’an tarihi, yaklaşık son iki yüz yıldır oryantalist İslam araştırmalarından en önemli ve en çok çalışma yapılan alanlarından biri olmuştur. İslam’ın en temel kaynağı olması hasebiyle Kur’an her zaman oryantalistlerin ilgisini çekmiş ve Kur’an üzerine muhtelif açılardan pek çok çalışma kaleme almışlardır. Dolayısıyla modern anlamıyla bir ilim dalı olarak Kur’an tarihinin kurucusu oryantalistler olmuşlar, bu alanın temel araştırma konularını ve yöntemlerini ilk olarak onlar belirlemişlerdir. Temel paradigmaları itibariyle Kur’an’ın ilahi vahiy olduğunu kabul etmeyip onu bizzat Hz. Muhammed’in yazdığı veya yazdırdığı ön kabulüyle hareket eden oryantalistler, Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğinin başından itibaren günümüze kadar Kur’an’ın yazıya geçirilişini ve mushaflaştıktan sonra günümüze kadar geçirdiği aşamaları araştırma konusu etmişlerdir. Bu doğrultuda her şeyden önce Abraham Geiger’ın (ö. 1874) öncülüğünde Kur’an’ın kökenini tespit etmeye çalışmışlar, İslam’ın kökenini başta semavi dinler olmak üzere çevre din ve kültürlerde aramışlardır. Hemen hemen eş zamanlı olarak, modern dönemde Kur’an tarihinin kurucu ismi kabul edilen Theodor Nöldeke’nin (ö. 1930) açtığı yoldan giderek Kur’an el yazmaları üzerine yaptıkları çalışmalar üzerinden en otantik metne ulaşma ve kritik edilmiş bir Kur’an metni ortaya koymayı hedeflemişlerdir. Kur’an metninin tarihinin yanı sıra Kur’an’ın iç yapısıyla da ilgilenmişler, sûre ve ayet tertibinin yanı sıra yine sûre ve ayetler arasındaki münasebât, diğer deyişle metiniçi bütünlük üzerine de çalışmalar yapmışlardır. Müslümanlar ise modern anlamıyla Kur’an tarihine oryantalistlerden sonra giriş yaparak genelde onların iddialarını cevaplamaya matuf çalışmalar kaleme almışlardır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak modern dönemde Kur’an tarihinin ortaya çıktığı dönemden günümüze kadar geçirdiği aşamalar, yapılan çalışmalar, ekoller, temel iddialar ve yöntemler ele alınarak Batılı Kur’an tarihi literatürü sunulmuştur. Başta, Kur’an tarihi konularının neredeyse tamamının kurucusu sayılabilecek Alman oryantalist geleneği üzere olmak üzere diğer Batılı geleneklere de dikkat çekilmiş, kronolojikten ziyade ülke ve gelenek bazlı bir anlatım benimsenmiştir. Ekollerin benimsediği yöntemler arasındaki temel farklar üzerinde özellikle durulmuş, tarihsel süreçte yaşanan kırılma ve dönüşümlere vurgu yapılmıştır. Bu şekilde oryantalist gelenek ve birikim ortaya konduktan sonra bunun Müslüman araştırmacılar için ne ifade ettiği tartışılmıştır. Bu tartışma yapılırken her iki dünya arasındaki ön kabuller ve paradigma farkları göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Bu mukayese sonucunda Batılı araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan birikimin Müslümanlar tarafından uygulanabilirliğinin keyfiyetine ışık tutularak yapılabilecek yeni çalışmalara ve açılabilecek yeni alanlara işaret edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Abbot, Nabia. The Rise of North Arabic Script and its Kur’anic Development. Chicago: Uni-versity of Chicago Oriental Publications, 1939.
- Akgün, Merve. “Kur’an Tarihinde Revizyonist Oryantalistler: John Wansbrough, Christoph Luxenberg ve Gerd-R. Puin”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İÜSBE, 2020.
- Altıkulaç, Tayyar. Günümüze Ulaşan Mesahif-i Kadime. Istanbul: IRCICA, 2015.
- Andrea, Tor. Der Ursprung des Islams und das Christentum. Uppsala, 1926.
- Andrew Rippin. “The Present Status of Tafsir Studies”. The Muslim World 72 (1982): 222-32.
- Bedawi, Emran el-. The Qurʾān and the Aramaic Gospel Traditions. New York: Routledge, 2014.
- Bell, Richard. The Origins of Islam in its Christian Environment. London: Routledge, 1968.
- Cellard, Éléonore. “The Ṣanʿāʾ Palimpsest: Materializing the Codices”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 80, sy 1 (t.y.): 1-30.
- Crone, Patricia, and Michael Cook. Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
- Cuypers, Michael. A Qur‟anic Apocalypse: A Reading of the Thirty Three Last Sûrahs of the Qur‟an. Atlanta: Lockwood Press, 2018.
- Cuypers, Michael. The Banquet: A Reading of the Fifth Sura of the Qur‟an. Miami: Convivium, 2009.
- Cuypers, Michael. The Composition of the Qur‟an: Rhetorical Analysis. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.
- Cuypers, Michael. “The Semitic Rhetoric in the Koran and a Pharaonic Papyrus”. US China Foreign Language 8 (2010): 8-13.
- Dutton, Yasin. “An Early Mushaf According to the Reading of Ibn ‘Āmir”. JQS 3 (2001): 71-90.
- Dutton, Yasin. “An Umayyad Fragment of the Qurʾān and its Dating”. JQS 9 (2007): 57-87.
- Dutton, Yasin. “Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots & Blue: Some Reflections on the Vocalisation of Early Qurʾānic Manuscripts—Parts I”. JQS 1 (1999): 115-40.
- Dutton, Yasin. “Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots, Blue Part II”. JQS 2 (2000): 1-24.
- Dutton, Yasin. “Some Notes on the British Library’s ‘Oldest Qurʾān Manuscript’ (Or. 2165).” JQS, 2004, 43-71.
- Ekiz, Necmettin Salih. “Oryantalist Literatürde Kur’an’ın Yahudi Kökenli Olduğu İddiası: Abraham Geiger Örneği”., Istanbul: 29 Mayıs Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2021.
- Farrin, Raymond. Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation: A Study of Symmetry and Coherence in Islam‟s Holy Text. Ashland-Oregon: White Cloud Press, 2014.
- Fedeli, Alba. “A.Perg.2: A Non-Palimpsest and the Corrections in Qur’ānic Manuscripts”. MO 11 (2005): 20-27.
- Fedeli, Alba. “Early Evidences of Variant Readings in Qur’ānic Manuscripts”. In Die dunklen Anfänge, ed. Karl-Heinz Ohlig and Gerd R. Puin, 293-316. Berlin: Hans Schiler, 2005.
- Fedeli, Alba. “Mingana and the Manuscript of Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis, One Century Later”. MO 11 (2005): 3-7.
- Gastfreund, Isaac. Mohammed nach Talmud und Midrasch. Berlin: Hansebooks, 2019.
- Goitein, Sholomo Dov. Jews and Arabs. New York: Schocken Books, 1964.
- Goitein, Sholomo Dov. “Muhammad’s Inspiration by Judaism”. Journal of Jewish Studies 9, sy 3-4 (1958): 149-62.
- Goitein, Sholomo Dov. Muhammad’s Islam: How a New Religion Developed in the Shadow of Judaism. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1979.
- Goldziher, Ignaz. Muhammad and Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1917.
- Gökkır, Bilal. “Kur’an’da Yabancı Kelimler Meselesine Oryantalist Bir Yaklaşım”. Marife 2, sy 3 (2002): 135-42.
- Gökkır, Necmettin. “Batı’da Kur’an Tarihi Araştırmaları: Tematik Alanlar, Paradigmalar ve Yöntemler”. In Kur’an Araştırmaları ve Oryantalizm, ed. Bilal Gökkır, Muhammed Abay, ve Necmettin Gökkır, 12-31. Istanbul: İfav Yayınları, 2022.
- Gözeler, Esra. “Corpus Coranicum Projesi: Kur’an’ı Geç Antik Döneme Ait Bir Metin Olarak Okumak”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 53, sy 2 (2012): 222-23.
- Gözeler, Esra. Kur’an Ayetlerinin Tarihlendirilmesi. Istanbul: Kuramer, 2016.
- Graetz, Heinrich. History of the Jews. Eng. Trans. Bella Löwy. London: Myers, 1904.
- Griffith, Sydney. Syriacisms in the Arabic of the Qurʾān. New York: Prometheus Books, 2014.
- Guillaume, Alfred. Islam. New York: Penguin Books, 1954.
- Harman, Ahmet. “Fransız Müsteşrik François Déroche’un Mushaf Yazmaları Çalışmalarına Dair Birkaç Not”. Mevzu 4, sy 2020 (t.y.): 265-72.
- Hıdır, Özcan. Hıristiyan Kültürü ve Hadisler. Istanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2017.
- Hıdır, Özcan. Yahudi Kültürü ve Hadisler. 4. Baskı. Istanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2018.
- Hilali, Asma. The Sanaa Palimpsest: The Transmission of the Qurʾān in the First Centuries AH. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
- Hirschfeld, Hartwig. Judische Elemente im Koran. Berlin: Selbstverl, 1878.
- Hirschfeld, Hartwig. New Researches into the Composition and the Exegesis of the Qor’an. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1902.
- Horovitz, Joseph. “Jewish Proper Names and Derivatives in the Koran”. Hebrew Union Colle-ge Annual 2 (1925): 145-227.
- Hurgronje, C. Snouck. Mohammedanism. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son, 1916.
- Jeffery, Arthur. Materials for the History of the Text of the Qur’ān. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1937.
- Jeffery, Arthur. “Progress in the Study of the Qurʾān Text”. Muslim World 25 (1935): 4-16.
- Jeffery, Arthur. The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān. Baroda-Indien: Oriental Institute, 1938.
- Jeffery, Arthur. “The Qurʾān Readings of Zaid B. ‘Ali”. Rivista Degli Studi Orientalia 16, sy 3-4 (1936): 249-89.
- Kabakcı, Ersin. Çağdaş Batı Literatüründe Kur’an Metnine Yaklaşımlar: Metin Bütünlüğü Arayışları. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2020.
- Katsh, Abraham. Judaism and Islam. New York: Sepher Hermen Press, 2009.
- Lewis, Bernard. İslâm Dünyasında Yahudiler. Trans. Belgin Çınar. Ankara: Akılçelen Kitaplar, 2018.
- Lülling, Günter. A Challange to Islam for Reformation. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2003.
- Luxenberg, Christoph. The Syro-Aramic Reading of the Koran. New York: Prometheus Books, 2007.
- Mingana, Alphonse. Syriac Influence on the Style of the Koran. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1927.
- Mir, Mustansir. Coherence in the Qurʾān: A Study of Islâhî’s Concept of Nazm in Tadabbur-i Qurʾān. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1986.
- Mir, Mustansir. “Unity of the Text of the Qurʾān”. in Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, 5:405-15. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2006.
- Mittwoch, Eugen. Zur Enststehungsgeschichte des Islamischen Gebets und Kultus. Berlin: Verl. D. Königl, 1913.
- Neuwirth, Angelika. “Form and Structure in the Qurʾān”. in Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, 2:246-63. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2006.
- Neuwirth, Angelika. Scripture, Poetry and the Making of a Community: Reading the Qurʾān as a Literary Text. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Neuwirth, Angelika. Studien zur Komposition der mekkanischen Sûren. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007.
- Nöldeke, Theodor. Geschichte des Qorans. Leipzig: Dieterich’sehe Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1919.
- Obermann, Julian. “Islamic Origins: A Study in Background and Foundation”. In The Arab Heritage, ed. Nabih A. Faris. New Jersey: Princeton University, 1964.
- Ohling, Karl-Heinz, Gerd R. Puin, and Hans Caspar Graf von Bothmer. “Kur’an Araştırmalarının Yeni Yolları”. Trans. Günay Özer. KSÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 4 (2004): 121-41.
- Pregill, Michael. “Some Reflections on Borrowing, Influence, and the Entwining of Jewish and Islamic Traditions; or, What an Image of a Calf Migt Do”. In Islamic Studies Today, ed. Majid Daneshgar and Walid Saleh, 164-197. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2017.
- Puin, Gerd R. “Methods of Research on Qurʾānic Manuscripts – A Few Ideas”. In Masâhif San’â’, 9-17. Kuwait: Dar Al-Athar Al-Islamiyyah, 1985.
- Puin, Gerd R. “Observations on Early Qurʾān Manuscripts in San’a”. In What the Koran Really Says, ed. Ibn Warraq, 739-44. New York: Prometheus Books, 2002.
- Puin, Gerd R. “Vowel Letters and Ortho-Epic Writing in the Qurʾān”. In New Perspectives on the Qurʾān, ed. Gabriel Said Reynolds, 147-90. London: Routledge, 2011.
- Reda, Nevin. “Holistic Approaches to the Qurʾān: A Historical Background”. Religion Compass 4, sy 8 (506 495M.S.): 2010.
- Reeves, John. Bible and Qurʾān. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003.
- Reynolds, Gabriel Said. The Qurʾān in its Biblical Context. New York: Routledge, 2010.
- Robinson, Neal. Kur’an’ı Keşfetmek: Örtülü Bir Metne Çağdaş Bir Yaklaşım. Trans. Süleyman Kalkan. Istanbul: Kuramer, 2018.
- Sadeghi, Behnam, ve Mohsen Goudarzi. “San’â 1 and the Origins of the Qur‟an”. Der Islam 87 (2012): 1-129.
- Saleh, Walid. “In Search of Comprehensible Qurʾān: A Survey of Some Recent Scholarly Works”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (2003): 143-62.
- Schapiro, Israel. Die haggadischen Elemente im erzahlenden Teil des Korans. Berlin: Forgotten Books, 2018.
- Sidky, Heythem. “On the Regionality of Qurʾānic Codices”. JIQSA 5 (2020): 133-210.
- Sinai, Nicolai. “Beyond the Cairo Edition: On the Study of Early Qurʾānic Codices”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 140/1 (2020): 189-204.
- Sinai, Nicolai. “When did the consonantal skeleton of the Qurʾān reach closure?” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 77 (2014): 273-92.
- Small, Keith. Textual Criticism and Qurʾān Manuscripts. Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2011.
- Tisdall, W. Clair. The Sources of Islam. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 1905.
- Toby Lester. “What Is the Koran?” In What the Koran Really Says, ed. Ibn Warraq, 107-28. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
- Torrey, Charles Cutler. The Jewish Foundation of Islam. New York: Jewish Institute of Religion Press, 1933.
- Van Putten, Marijn. Qurʾānic Arabic: From its Hijazi Origins to its Classical Reading Traditions. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2022.
- Weil, Gustav. The Bible, the Koran, and the Talmud or Biblical Legends of the Mussulmans. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1846.
- Wensinck, Arent Jan. Mohammed en de Joden te Medina. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1908.
- Witztum, J. B. The Syriac Milieu of the Quran. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2017.
- Zahniser, Mathias. “Major Transitions and Thematic Borders in Two Long Suras: al-Baqara and al-Nisa”. In Literary Structures of Religious Meaning in the Qurʾān, ed. Issa Boullata. New York: Routledge, 2000.
- Zahniser, Mathias. The al-Baqara Crescendo: Understanding the Qurʾān’s Style. Montreal: McGill University Press, 2017.
Öz
The history of the Qur'an has been one of the most important and most studied areas of ori-entalist Islamic studies for the last two hundred years. Since it is the main source of Islam, the Qur'an has always attracted the attention of orientalists and they have conducted many studies on the Qur'an from various perspectives. Therefore, orientalists became the founders of the history of the Qur'an as a branch of science in its modern sense, and they were the first to determine the main research topics and methods of this field. In terms of their basic paradigms, they do not accept that the Qur'an is a divine revelation sent down to the Prophet Muhammad. The orientalists, who act with the presupposition that Muhammad wrote the Qur’an, or had it dictated, have researched the writing of the Qur'an from the beginning of Muhammad's prophethood to the present day and the stages it has gone through after being a Mushaf. In this direction, first, led by Abraham Geiger (d. 1874), they tried to determine the origin of the Islam and Qur'an, and sought the origin of Islam in the surrounding religions and cultures, especially in the monotheistic religions. Almost simultaneous-ly, by following the path opened by Theodor Nöldeke (d. 1930), who was accepted as the founder of the Qur'anic history in the modern period, they tried to reach the most authentic text and a critical Qur'anic text through studies on the Qur'an manuscripts. In addition to the history of the Qur'anic text, they were also interested in the inner structure of the Qur'an, and they also worked on the rela-tionship between the surahs and verses, in other words, the unity of the text, as well as the order of the surahs and verses. Muslims, on the other hand, entered the history of the Qur'an in its modern sense, after the orientalists, and generally wrote studies aimed at answering their claims. In this study, firstly, Western Qur'anic history literature is presented by considering the historical stages, studies, schools, names, works, basic claims and methods that the history of the Qur'an has gone through from the time it emerged in the modern period to the present day. After presenting the orientalist tradition and accumulation in this way, what all these means for Muslim researchers is discussed. While discussion this, the presuppositions and paradigm differences between the two worlds were taken into consideration.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Abbot, Nabia. The Rise of North Arabic Script and its Kur’anic Development. Chicago: Uni-versity of Chicago Oriental Publications, 1939.
- Akgün, Merve. “Kur’an Tarihinde Revizyonist Oryantalistler: John Wansbrough, Christoph Luxenberg ve Gerd-R. Puin”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İÜSBE, 2020.
- Altıkulaç, Tayyar. Günümüze Ulaşan Mesahif-i Kadime. Istanbul: IRCICA, 2015.
- Andrea, Tor. Der Ursprung des Islams und das Christentum. Uppsala, 1926.
- Andrew Rippin. “The Present Status of Tafsir Studies”. The Muslim World 72 (1982): 222-32.
- Bedawi, Emran el-. The Qurʾān and the Aramaic Gospel Traditions. New York: Routledge, 2014.
- Bell, Richard. The Origins of Islam in its Christian Environment. London: Routledge, 1968.
- Cellard, Éléonore. “The Ṣanʿāʾ Palimpsest: Materializing the Codices”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 80, sy 1 (t.y.): 1-30.
- Crone, Patricia, and Michael Cook. Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
- Cuypers, Michael. A Qur‟anic Apocalypse: A Reading of the Thirty Three Last Sûrahs of the Qur‟an. Atlanta: Lockwood Press, 2018.
- Cuypers, Michael. The Banquet: A Reading of the Fifth Sura of the Qur‟an. Miami: Convivium, 2009.
- Cuypers, Michael. The Composition of the Qur‟an: Rhetorical Analysis. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.
- Cuypers, Michael. “The Semitic Rhetoric in the Koran and a Pharaonic Papyrus”. US China Foreign Language 8 (2010): 8-13.
- Dutton, Yasin. “An Early Mushaf According to the Reading of Ibn ‘Āmir”. JQS 3 (2001): 71-90.
- Dutton, Yasin. “An Umayyad Fragment of the Qurʾān and its Dating”. JQS 9 (2007): 57-87.
- Dutton, Yasin. “Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots & Blue: Some Reflections on the Vocalisation of Early Qurʾānic Manuscripts—Parts I”. JQS 1 (1999): 115-40.
- Dutton, Yasin. “Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots, Blue Part II”. JQS 2 (2000): 1-24.
- Dutton, Yasin. “Some Notes on the British Library’s ‘Oldest Qurʾān Manuscript’ (Or. 2165).” JQS, 2004, 43-71.
- Ekiz, Necmettin Salih. “Oryantalist Literatürde Kur’an’ın Yahudi Kökenli Olduğu İddiası: Abraham Geiger Örneği”., Istanbul: 29 Mayıs Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2021.
- Farrin, Raymond. Structure and Qur'anic Interpretation: A Study of Symmetry and Coherence in Islam‟s Holy Text. Ashland-Oregon: White Cloud Press, 2014.
- Fedeli, Alba. “A.Perg.2: A Non-Palimpsest and the Corrections in Qur’ānic Manuscripts”. MO 11 (2005): 20-27.
- Fedeli, Alba. “Early Evidences of Variant Readings in Qur’ānic Manuscripts”. In Die dunklen Anfänge, ed. Karl-Heinz Ohlig and Gerd R. Puin, 293-316. Berlin: Hans Schiler, 2005.
- Fedeli, Alba. “Mingana and the Manuscript of Mrs. Agnes Smith Lewis, One Century Later”. MO 11 (2005): 3-7.
- Gastfreund, Isaac. Mohammed nach Talmud und Midrasch. Berlin: Hansebooks, 2019.
- Goitein, Sholomo Dov. Jews and Arabs. New York: Schocken Books, 1964.
- Goitein, Sholomo Dov. “Muhammad’s Inspiration by Judaism”. Journal of Jewish Studies 9, sy 3-4 (1958): 149-62.
- Goitein, Sholomo Dov. Muhammad’s Islam: How a New Religion Developed in the Shadow of Judaism. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1979.
- Goldziher, Ignaz. Muhammad and Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1917.
- Gökkır, Bilal. “Kur’an’da Yabancı Kelimler Meselesine Oryantalist Bir Yaklaşım”. Marife 2, sy 3 (2002): 135-42.
- Gökkır, Necmettin. “Batı’da Kur’an Tarihi Araştırmaları: Tematik Alanlar, Paradigmalar ve Yöntemler”. In Kur’an Araştırmaları ve Oryantalizm, ed. Bilal Gökkır, Muhammed Abay, ve Necmettin Gökkır, 12-31. Istanbul: İfav Yayınları, 2022.
- Gözeler, Esra. “Corpus Coranicum Projesi: Kur’an’ı Geç Antik Döneme Ait Bir Metin Olarak Okumak”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 53, sy 2 (2012): 222-23.
- Gözeler, Esra. Kur’an Ayetlerinin Tarihlendirilmesi. Istanbul: Kuramer, 2016.
- Graetz, Heinrich. History of the Jews. Eng. Trans. Bella Löwy. London: Myers, 1904.
- Griffith, Sydney. Syriacisms in the Arabic of the Qurʾān. New York: Prometheus Books, 2014.
- Guillaume, Alfred. Islam. New York: Penguin Books, 1954.
- Harman, Ahmet. “Fransız Müsteşrik François Déroche’un Mushaf Yazmaları Çalışmalarına Dair Birkaç Not”. Mevzu 4, sy 2020 (t.y.): 265-72.
- Hıdır, Özcan. Hıristiyan Kültürü ve Hadisler. Istanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2017.
- Hıdır, Özcan. Yahudi Kültürü ve Hadisler. 4. Baskı. Istanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2018.
- Hilali, Asma. The Sanaa Palimpsest: The Transmission of the Qurʾān in the First Centuries AH. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
- Hirschfeld, Hartwig. Judische Elemente im Koran. Berlin: Selbstverl, 1878.
- Hirschfeld, Hartwig. New Researches into the Composition and the Exegesis of the Qor’an. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1902.
- Horovitz, Joseph. “Jewish Proper Names and Derivatives in the Koran”. Hebrew Union Colle-ge Annual 2 (1925): 145-227.
- Hurgronje, C. Snouck. Mohammedanism. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son, 1916.
- Jeffery, Arthur. Materials for the History of the Text of the Qur’ān. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1937.
- Jeffery, Arthur. “Progress in the Study of the Qurʾān Text”. Muslim World 25 (1935): 4-16.
- Jeffery, Arthur. The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān. Baroda-Indien: Oriental Institute, 1938.
- Jeffery, Arthur. “The Qurʾān Readings of Zaid B. ‘Ali”. Rivista Degli Studi Orientalia 16, sy 3-4 (1936): 249-89.
- Kabakcı, Ersin. Çağdaş Batı Literatüründe Kur’an Metnine Yaklaşımlar: Metin Bütünlüğü Arayışları. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2020.
- Katsh, Abraham. Judaism and Islam. New York: Sepher Hermen Press, 2009.
- Lewis, Bernard. İslâm Dünyasında Yahudiler. Trans. Belgin Çınar. Ankara: Akılçelen Kitaplar, 2018.
- Lülling, Günter. A Challange to Islam for Reformation. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2003.
- Luxenberg, Christoph. The Syro-Aramic Reading of the Koran. New York: Prometheus Books, 2007.
- Mingana, Alphonse. Syriac Influence on the Style of the Koran. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1927.
- Mir, Mustansir. Coherence in the Qurʾān: A Study of Islâhî’s Concept of Nazm in Tadabbur-i Qurʾān. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1986.
- Mir, Mustansir. “Unity of the Text of the Qurʾān”. in Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, 5:405-15. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2006.
- Mittwoch, Eugen. Zur Enststehungsgeschichte des Islamischen Gebets und Kultus. Berlin: Verl. D. Königl, 1913.
- Neuwirth, Angelika. “Form and Structure in the Qurʾān”. in Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, 2:246-63. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2006.
- Neuwirth, Angelika. Scripture, Poetry and the Making of a Community: Reading the Qurʾān as a Literary Text. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Neuwirth, Angelika. Studien zur Komposition der mekkanischen Sûren. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007.
- Nöldeke, Theodor. Geschichte des Qorans. Leipzig: Dieterich’sehe Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1919.
- Obermann, Julian. “Islamic Origins: A Study in Background and Foundation”. In The Arab Heritage, ed. Nabih A. Faris. New Jersey: Princeton University, 1964.
- Ohling, Karl-Heinz, Gerd R. Puin, and Hans Caspar Graf von Bothmer. “Kur’an Araştırmalarının Yeni Yolları”. Trans. Günay Özer. KSÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 4 (2004): 121-41.
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Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Tefsir |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 27 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Eylül 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Haziran 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 13 Ağustos 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: Özel Sayı |