Araştırma Makalesi
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Methods Used in Spiritual Counseling and Guidance Services for Patients/Patients’ Relatives in Turkey and Germany: A Qualitative Approach

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 323 - 348, 01.10.2023

Öz

This research focuses on Hospital Spiritual Counseling and Guidance (SCG) services in Germany and Turkey. The primary objective is to uncover the different methods of Muslim spiritual care used in patient interactions in hospitals in both countries through semi-structured interviews. The sample of hospital spiritual caregivers comprises individuals from various regions of Turkey, while the German sample mostly includes participants who graduated from the Mannheimer Institute. Ultimately, a total of 30 Muslim hospital spiritual caregivers, with 15 from Turkey and 15 from Germany, were interviewed using telephone and internet applications like Zoom. Thematic analysis was employed to comparatively examine the narratives of the participants. This research aims to uncover whether methodological differences can be expected between patients interacting with Hospital SCG providers in Turkey and those consulting with Hospital SCG providers in Germany. Based on the comparative findings, it is expected that Muslim Hospital SCG providers in both Germany and Turkey would employ similar approaches, with a specific emphasis on utilizing active listening during interactions with their clients. This study underscores the significance of active listening as a critical element in patient interactions, regardless of the geographical context. Consequently, Turkey and Germany share common aspects in the implementation of Muslim hospital SCG.

Kaynakça

  • Ağılkaya Şahin, Z. (2014). Pastoral care in the Federal Republic of Germany: Theory – education – practice [Doctoral dissertation, Marmara University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Ağılkaya Şahin, Z. (2018). Pastoral psikoloji merkezinde klinik manevi bakım eğitimi [Clinical pastoral training at a pastoral psychology center]. Mizanu’l-Hak İslami İlimler Dergisi, 7, 43-62. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mizan/issue/42354/509811
  • Aka, M. (2020). Dine ve kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışmanlık-I: Manevi danışmanlık perspektifinden kuramsal analizler [Psychological counseling sensitive to religion and culture-I: A theoretical analysis from the perspective of spiritual counseling]. Türk Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2, 201-233. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tmdrd/issue/59144/822364
  • Ateş, S. (2019). Islamische Seelsorge ist Ausdruck von Barmherzigkeit - Die Ibn Rushd-Goethe Moschee in Berlin [Islamic spiritual care is an expression of mercy - the Ibn Rushd-Goethe Mosque in Berlin]. Lebendige Seelsorge, 4, 261-264.
  • Aydın, G. (2021). Hasta psikolojisinden hareketle hadislerde hastalara yönelik manevi destekler [Spiritual supports for patients in hadithes from patient psychology]. UMDE Dini Tetkikler Dergisi, 4(1), 3-38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5148097
  • Baş, S. (2017). Manevi danışmanlıkta duanın bir destekleme metodu olarak kullanımı [The use of prayer as a method of intervention in chaplaincy]. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 52, 161-198. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.333536
  • Belen, F. Z. (2016). Manevi danışmanlıkta bibliyoterapi uygulama örneği: Bibliyoterapinin algılanan stres ve dini başa çıkma üzerine etkisi [Bibliotherapy applicaton research in spiritual counseling: The effect of bibliotherapy on perceived stress and religious coping]. Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(19), 9-42. https://toplumbilimleri.com/?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=400
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Chilean, L. (2017). Der Care-Begriff in Spiritual Care [The concept of care in spiritual care]. Spiritual Care, 6(2), 183-190.
  • Cimşit, M. (2019). Islamische Seelsorge - Eine theologische Begriffsbestimmung [Islamic spiritual counseling - a theological definition]. Journal of Religious Culture, 246, 1-16. https:// publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/50313
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd Ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124–130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1477543
  • Çayır, H. A. (2021). The relationship between the perception of nurses caring for elderly patients about spirituality and spiritual care perceptions and their life satisfaction. [Master’s thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs Univeristy]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Dadfar, M., Lester, D., Turan, Y., Beshai, J. A., & Unterrainer, H.F. (2021). Religious spiritual well- being: Results from Muslim Iranian clinical and non-clinical samples by age, sex and group. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 33(1), 16-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.202 0.1818161.
  • Deutsche Islam Konferenz (2022, March 21). Studie: Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland 2020 [Study: Muslim life in Germany 2020, Press release]. https://www.deutsche-islam-konferenz. de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Studien/mlid-2020-lang.html
  • Dilmaç, B., Ekşi, F., & Şimşir, Z. (2016). Psikolojik danışma deneyimi yaşayanların dini başa çıkma, psikolojik iyi olma ve affetme düzeyleri arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler: Bir model önerisi [Predictive relationships among religious coping, psychological well-being, and forgiveness levels of individuals experiencing psychological counseling: A proposed model]. In A. Ayten, M. Koç, & N. Tınaz (Eds.), Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik 1 (pp. 169-186). Dem Yayınları.
  • Din Hizmetleri Raporu (2022, March 17). Din hizmetleri raporu 2020 [Religious services report 2020]. https://dinhizmetleri.diyanet.gov.tr/sayfa/384
  • Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (2022, May 29). 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu [2021 annual activity report]. https://dinhizmetleri.diyanet.gov.tr/sayfa/384
  • Doğan, S. (2018). Kronik hastalığı olmayan yaşlı bireylerde manevi bakım, yaşam kalitesi ve aradaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluating spiritual care, life quality and the relationship between them in elderly individuals without any chronic disease]. [Master’s thesis, Kafkas University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Döndü, N. (2019). Evaluation of the effect of anxiety and depression level on spiritual care need for the oncology patients [Master’s thesis, Istanbul Okan University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Erdem, G. (2020). Seelsorge für Muslime? Fragestellungen, Ressourcen und Konzepte- eine muslimische Perspektive [Counseling for Muslims? Questions, resources, and concepts - a Muslim perspective]. In T. Badawia, G. Erdem, M. Abdallah, (Eds.), Grundlagen muslimischer Seelsorge (pp. 13-35). Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29572-1_2
  • Ertunç, A. (2021). Sağlık tesislerinde yürütülen manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik hizmetleri üzerine bir değerlendirme [Evaluation on spiritual counseling and guidance services carried out in health facilities]. Kafkas Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(8), 556-580. https://doi. org/10.17050/kafkasilahiyat.898315
  • Gladding, S., & Crockett, J. (2019). Religious and spiritual issues in counseling and therapy: Overcoming clinical barriers. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 21(2), 1-10. https://doi. org/10.1080/19349637.2018.1476947
  • Han, A. (2016). Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığının hastanelerde yürüttüğü manevi destek hizmetleri [Spiritual care services provided by the presidency of religious affairs in hospitals]. In A. Ayten, M. Koç, & N. Tınaz (Eds.), Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik 2 (pp. 91-107). Dem Yayınları.
  • Hill, P., & Pargament, K. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality-implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64
  • İnal, S., & Gürsu, O. (2023). The effect of spiritual counseling services on acceptance, meaning- making and explanation of cancer. Turkish Academic Research Review, 8(2), 957-977. https:// doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1288125
  • İşbilen-Esendir, N., & Kaplan, H. (2018). Sağlık çalışanlarının maneviyat ve manevi destek algısı: İstanbul örneği [Perceptıon of spirituality and spiritual support among health care professionals: The example of Istanbul]. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 73, 317-332. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ sosekev/issue/71391/1147989
  • Koenig, H. (2010). Spirituality and mental health. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 7(2), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.239
  • Koenig, H., & Larson, D. (2001). Religion and mental health: Evidence for an association. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 67-78. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/296821879_Religion_and_mental_health_Evidence_for_an_association
  • Kurt, E. (2021). Studying of the effect spiritual counseling applications on anxiety and quality of life in cancer patients. [Doctoral dissertation, Bursa Uludağ University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Kurtoğlu, H. (2020). Hastanelerde yürütülen manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin değerlendirilmesi (Marmara bölgesi örneği) [Evaluation of spiritual counseling and guidance services provided in hospitals (Case study: Marmara region)]. [Master’s thesis, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Küçük, İ. (2019). Hastaların manevi destek gereksinimlerinin ve sağlık profesyonellerinin manevi destek algılarının belirlenmesi [Determining patients’ spiritual care needs and healthcare professionals’ perception of spiritual care]. [Master’s thesis, Afyonkarahisar University, Turkey]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ Mannheim Institute. (2022, March 02). Mannheimer institut. https://mannheimer-institut.de/
  • Murray, S., Kendall, M., Boyd, K., Worth, A., & Benton, F. (2004). Exploring the spiritual needs of people dying of lung cancer or heart failure: A prospective qualitative interview study of patients and their carers. Palliative Medicine, 18(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm837oa
  • Ng, C. G., Mohamed, S., Sulaiman, A. H., & Zainal, N. Z. (2017). Anxiety and depression in cancer patients: The association with religiosity and religious coping. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(2), 575-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0267-y
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 323 - 348, 01.10.2023

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ağılkaya Şahin, Z. (2014). Pastoral care in the Federal Republic of Germany: Theory – education – practice [Doctoral dissertation, Marmara University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Ağılkaya Şahin, Z. (2018). Pastoral psikoloji merkezinde klinik manevi bakım eğitimi [Clinical pastoral training at a pastoral psychology center]. Mizanu’l-Hak İslami İlimler Dergisi, 7, 43-62. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mizan/issue/42354/509811
  • Aka, M. (2020). Dine ve kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışmanlık-I: Manevi danışmanlık perspektifinden kuramsal analizler [Psychological counseling sensitive to religion and culture-I: A theoretical analysis from the perspective of spiritual counseling]. Türk Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2, 201-233. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tmdrd/issue/59144/822364
  • Ateş, S. (2019). Islamische Seelsorge ist Ausdruck von Barmherzigkeit - Die Ibn Rushd-Goethe Moschee in Berlin [Islamic spiritual care is an expression of mercy - the Ibn Rushd-Goethe Mosque in Berlin]. Lebendige Seelsorge, 4, 261-264.
  • Aydın, G. (2021). Hasta psikolojisinden hareketle hadislerde hastalara yönelik manevi destekler [Spiritual supports for patients in hadithes from patient psychology]. UMDE Dini Tetkikler Dergisi, 4(1), 3-38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5148097
  • Baş, S. (2017). Manevi danışmanlıkta duanın bir destekleme metodu olarak kullanımı [The use of prayer as a method of intervention in chaplaincy]. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 52, 161-198. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.333536
  • Belen, F. Z. (2016). Manevi danışmanlıkta bibliyoterapi uygulama örneği: Bibliyoterapinin algılanan stres ve dini başa çıkma üzerine etkisi [Bibliotherapy applicaton research in spiritual counseling: The effect of bibliotherapy on perceived stress and religious coping]. Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(19), 9-42. https://toplumbilimleri.com/?mod=makale_tr_ozet&makale_id=400
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Chilean, L. (2017). Der Care-Begriff in Spiritual Care [The concept of care in spiritual care]. Spiritual Care, 6(2), 183-190.
  • Cimşit, M. (2019). Islamische Seelsorge - Eine theologische Begriffsbestimmung [Islamic spiritual counseling - a theological definition]. Journal of Religious Culture, 246, 1-16. https:// publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/50313
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd Ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124–130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1477543
  • Çayır, H. A. (2021). The relationship between the perception of nurses caring for elderly patients about spirituality and spiritual care perceptions and their life satisfaction. [Master’s thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs Univeristy]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Dadfar, M., Lester, D., Turan, Y., Beshai, J. A., & Unterrainer, H.F. (2021). Religious spiritual well- being: Results from Muslim Iranian clinical and non-clinical samples by age, sex and group. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 33(1), 16-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.202 0.1818161.
  • Deutsche Islam Konferenz (2022, March 21). Studie: Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland 2020 [Study: Muslim life in Germany 2020, Press release]. https://www.deutsche-islam-konferenz. de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Studien/mlid-2020-lang.html
  • Dilmaç, B., Ekşi, F., & Şimşir, Z. (2016). Psikolojik danışma deneyimi yaşayanların dini başa çıkma, psikolojik iyi olma ve affetme düzeyleri arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler: Bir model önerisi [Predictive relationships among religious coping, psychological well-being, and forgiveness levels of individuals experiencing psychological counseling: A proposed model]. In A. Ayten, M. Koç, & N. Tınaz (Eds.), Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik 1 (pp. 169-186). Dem Yayınları.
  • Din Hizmetleri Raporu (2022, March 17). Din hizmetleri raporu 2020 [Religious services report 2020]. https://dinhizmetleri.diyanet.gov.tr/sayfa/384
  • Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (2022, May 29). 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu [2021 annual activity report]. https://dinhizmetleri.diyanet.gov.tr/sayfa/384
  • Doğan, S. (2018). Kronik hastalığı olmayan yaşlı bireylerde manevi bakım, yaşam kalitesi ve aradaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluating spiritual care, life quality and the relationship between them in elderly individuals without any chronic disease]. [Master’s thesis, Kafkas University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Döndü, N. (2019). Evaluation of the effect of anxiety and depression level on spiritual care need for the oncology patients [Master’s thesis, Istanbul Okan University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Erdem, G. (2020). Seelsorge für Muslime? Fragestellungen, Ressourcen und Konzepte- eine muslimische Perspektive [Counseling for Muslims? Questions, resources, and concepts - a Muslim perspective]. In T. Badawia, G. Erdem, M. Abdallah, (Eds.), Grundlagen muslimischer Seelsorge (pp. 13-35). Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29572-1_2
  • Ertunç, A. (2021). Sağlık tesislerinde yürütülen manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik hizmetleri üzerine bir değerlendirme [Evaluation on spiritual counseling and guidance services carried out in health facilities]. Kafkas Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(8), 556-580. https://doi. org/10.17050/kafkasilahiyat.898315
  • Gladding, S., & Crockett, J. (2019). Religious and spiritual issues in counseling and therapy: Overcoming clinical barriers. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 21(2), 1-10. https://doi. org/10.1080/19349637.2018.1476947
  • Han, A. (2016). Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığının hastanelerde yürüttüğü manevi destek hizmetleri [Spiritual care services provided by the presidency of religious affairs in hospitals]. In A. Ayten, M. Koç, & N. Tınaz (Eds.), Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik 2 (pp. 91-107). Dem Yayınları.
  • Hill, P., & Pargament, K. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality-implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64
  • İnal, S., & Gürsu, O. (2023). The effect of spiritual counseling services on acceptance, meaning- making and explanation of cancer. Turkish Academic Research Review, 8(2), 957-977. https:// doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1288125
  • İşbilen-Esendir, N., & Kaplan, H. (2018). Sağlık çalışanlarının maneviyat ve manevi destek algısı: İstanbul örneği [Perceptıon of spirituality and spiritual support among health care professionals: The example of Istanbul]. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 73, 317-332. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ sosekev/issue/71391/1147989
  • Koenig, H. (2010). Spirituality and mental health. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 7(2), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.239
  • Koenig, H., & Larson, D. (2001). Religion and mental health: Evidence for an association. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 67-78. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/296821879_Religion_and_mental_health_Evidence_for_an_association
  • Kurt, E. (2021). Studying of the effect spiritual counseling applications on anxiety and quality of life in cancer patients. [Doctoral dissertation, Bursa Uludağ University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Kurtoğlu, H. (2020). Hastanelerde yürütülen manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin değerlendirilmesi (Marmara bölgesi örneği) [Evaluation of spiritual counseling and guidance services provided in hospitals (Case study: Marmara region)]. [Master’s thesis, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Küçük, İ. (2019). Hastaların manevi destek gereksinimlerinin ve sağlık profesyonellerinin manevi destek algılarının belirlenmesi [Determining patients’ spiritual care needs and healthcare professionals’ perception of spiritual care]. [Master’s thesis, Afyonkarahisar University, Turkey]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ Mannheim Institute. (2022, March 02). Mannheimer institut. https://mannheimer-institut.de/
  • Murray, S., Kendall, M., Boyd, K., Worth, A., & Benton, F. (2004). Exploring the spiritual needs of people dying of lung cancer or heart failure: A prospective qualitative interview study of patients and their carers. Palliative Medicine, 18(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm837oa
  • Ng, C. G., Mohamed, S., Sulaiman, A. H., & Zainal, N. Z. (2017). Anxiety and depression in cancer patients: The association with religiosity and religious coping. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(2), 575-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0267-y
  • Official Journal (2023, March 27). 25 Ekim 2019 tarihli Resmî Gazete. Ulusal meslek standartlarına dair tebliğ.Sayı:30929(Mükerrer) [Communiqué on national occupational standards. Official Journal dated October 25, 2019. Number: 30929]. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ eskiler/2019/10/20191025M1.pdf.
  • Ok, Ü., Gedik, Z., & Erşahin, Z. (2019). Hastalar için manevi bakım [Spiritual care for patients]. Nobel Yayınları.
  • Okulicz-Kozaryn, A. (2010). Religiosity and life satisfaction across nations. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13(2), 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903273801
  • Pehlivan, M. (2018). Sağlık çalışanlarına göre hastanelerdeki manevi destek ve rehberlik projesi uygulaması: Afyonkarahisar devlet hastanesi örneği [According to health employees the application of spiritual support and guidance project in hospitals: The example of Afyonkarahisar state hospital]. [Master’s thesis, Süleyman Demirel University]. https://tez.yok. gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Rassouli, M., & Majd, H. (2015). Spiritual needs of cancer patients: A qualitative study. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 61-67.
  • Ravishankar, N., & Bernstein, M. (2014). Religion benefiting brain tumour patients: A qualitative study. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(6), 1898-1906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9895-2
  • Reiss, W. (2019). Islamische Seelsorge etabliert sich -aber welche? [An Islamic chaplaincy is being established -but what type?]. In Udo Tworuschka (Ed.), Handbuch Der Religionen, 59. https:// www.academia.edu/41547188/Islamische_Seelsorge_etabliert_sich_aber_welche_IV_1_9_1_ Islamische_Seelsorge_etabliert_sich_aber_welche_An_Islamic_Chaplaincy_is_being_ established_but_what_type_
  • Sayın, E. (2022). Manevi danışmanlıkta tasavvuf terapisi [Sufistic therapy in spiritual consultancy]. Türk İslam Medeniyeti Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 65-75. https://www.academia. edu/98137494/Manev%C3%AE_Dan%C4%B1%C5%9Fmanl%C4%B1kta_Tasavvuf_Terapisi
  • Seyyar, A. (2015). İslami değerler açısından manevi sosyal hizmetler [Spiritual social services from an Islamic values perspective]. In A. Seyyar (Ed.), Manevi Sosyal Hizmetler (pp.13-51). Rağbet Yayınları.
  • Shiah, Y. J., Chang, F., Chiang, S.K., Lin, I. M., & Tam, W. C. (2015). Religion and health: Anxiety, religiosity, meaning of life and mental health. J Relig Health, 54(1), 35-45. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10943-013-9781-3
  • Şahinöz, C. (2018). Seelsorge im Islam. Theorie und Praxis in Deutschland [Pastoral care in Islam: Theory and practice in Germany]. Springer VS.
  • Tan, H. (1992). Psikolojik yardım ilişkileri danışma ve psikoterapi [Counseling and psychotherapy in psychological help relationships]. Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
  • Thierfelder, C. (2017). Pastoral care (Seelsorge) and spiritual care in Germany. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 73(4), a4803. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i4.4803
  • Tsuang, M. T., Simpson, J. C., Koenen, K. C., Kremen, W.S., & Lyons, M. J. (2007). Spiritual well- being and health. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(8), 673-680. https://doi. org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31811f4062
  • Uyun, Q., Kurniawan, I. N., & Jaufalaily, N. (2019). Repentance and seeking forgiveness: the effects of spiritual therapy based on islamic tenets to improve mental health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.151459
  • Woods, T., & Ironson, G. (1999). Religion and spirituality in the face of illness: how cancer, cardiac, and HIV patients describe their spirituality/religiosity. Journal of Health Psychology, 4(3), 393- 412. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539900400308
  • World Health Organization (2022, June 30). WHO remains firmly committed to the principles set out in the preamble to the constitution. https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in social sciences]. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2016). Bibliyoterapinin hastalara manevi bakım yöntemi olarak uygulanması (Sivas devlet hastanesi örneği) [Implementation of bibliotherapy as a spiritual care method for patients (Case study: Sivas state hospital)]. In A. Ayten, M. Koç, & N. Tınaz (Eds.), Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik I (pp. 459-479). Dem Yayınları.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik ve Sağlık Psikolojisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayse Gül Güler Ünal 0000-0002-4854-3333

Sema Yılmaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Güler Ünal, A. G., & Yılmaz, S. (2023). Methods Used in Spiritual Counseling and Guidance Services for Patients/Patients’ Relatives in Turkey and Germany: A Qualitative Approach. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 8(3), 323-348.