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Evaluation of the Feeling of Hatred from Socio-Psychological and Religious Perspective

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 12, 93 - 113, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53336/rumeli.1260822

Öz

In this study within the framework of the relevant literature, the feeling of hatred is evaluated from socio-psychological and religious perspective. We aimed at to eliminate the theoretical gap in the domestic literature on the subject. In fact, the feeling of hatred, which arises due to individual experiences, past experiences, cognitive conflicts, plays a destructive role towards the integrity of psychological, social and religious life. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the feeling of hatred correctly. Accordingly, in this study, the conceptual structure of hatred is analyzed from a psychological and religious perspective. Besides the relationship of hatred with other emotions is discussed with its differing and intersecting aspects, and the situations that led to hatred is explored. In addition, information about the effects of hatred on mental health and ways of coping strategies with hatred is given.

Kaynakça

  • Akhtar, Salman. “Some Reflections on the Nature of Hatred and Its Emergence in the Treatment Process: Discussion of Kernberg’s Chapter ‘Hatred as a Core Affect of Aggression”. The Birth of Hatred: Developmental, Clinical, and Technicalaspects of Intense Aggression. ed. Salman Akhtar vd. 83-103. New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995.
  • Alpern, Michele -Rosen, Marvin. Overcoming Feelings of Hatred (Focus on Family Matters). Chelsea House Pub, 2003.
  • Allport, Gordon. Önyargının Doğası. çev. Nur Nirven. Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Aumer, Katherine vd. “Through the Looking Glass, Darkly: Perceptions of Hate in Interpersonal Relationships”. Journal of Relationships Research 6 (Ocak 2015), 1-7.
  • Aumer, Katherine vd. “Can’t Let it Go: Hate in Interpersonal Relationships”. Journal of Relationships Research 7/2 (Ocak 2016), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2016.2.
  • Aumer-Ryan, Katherine - Hatfield, Elaine. “The Design of Everyday Hate: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis”. Interpersona 1/2 (Ekim 2007), 143–172.
  • Averill, James R. Anger and Aggression: An Essay on Emotion. NY: Springer, 1982.
  • Ballard, John A. – McDowell, Aliecia J. “Hate and Combat Behavior”. Armed Forces & Society 17/2 (1991), 229–241, https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X9101700204.
  • Baumeister, Roy F. Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. NY: Freeman, 1996.
  • Beck, Aaron T. “Prisoners of Hate”. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40/3 (Mart 2002), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00103-6.
  • Beck, Aaron T. – Pretzer, James. “A Cognitive Perspective on Hate and Violence”, The Psychology of hate. ed. Robert J. Sternberg. 67-85. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.
  • Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron. “Anger and Hate”. Journal of Social Philosophy 23/2 (Eylül 1992), 85– 110.
  • Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron. The Subtlety of Emotions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.
  • Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron. “Hating the One You Love”. Philosophia 36/3 (Eylül 2008), 277– 283.
  • Blum, Harold P., “Clinical and Developmental Dimensions of Hate”. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 45/2 (1997), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651970450020501.
  • Cevziyye, İbn Kayyim. İbn Kayyim Tefsiri: Bedâi’u’t-Tefsîr. der. Yüsrî es-Seyyid Muhammed. çev. Mehmet Ali Kara vd. 4 Cilt. İstanbul: Polen Yayınları, 2011.
  • Chabra, Smrithi vd. “The Emotional and Psychological Aspects of Hate and Enmity”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 3/49 (Ekim 2014), 11715-11725. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2014/3539.
  • Chapman, Hanah A. – Anderson, Adam K. “Understanding Disgust”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1251/1 (Ocak 2012), 62-76.
  • Charny, Israel W. “Channeling Anger and Hate for Protecting Human Life”. Perspectives on Hate: How it Originates, Develops, Manifests, and Spreads. ed. Robert J. Sternberg. 109-135. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2020.
  • Cioni, Patrick P. “Hate, Revenge and Forgiveness: A Healthy, Ego-Strengthening Alternative to the Experience of Offense”. Psychology of Hate (Psychology of Emotions, Motivations and Actions. ed. Carol T. Lochardt. 59-81. NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
  • Çağrıcı, Mustafa. “Kin”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 26/30-31. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2002.
  • DiGiuseppe, Raymond – Tafrate, Raymond Chip. Understanding Anger Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Dovidio, John F. vd. “On the Nature of Prejudice: The Psychological Foundations of Hate”. The Psychology of Hate. ed. Robert J. Sternberg. 211-234. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.
  • Ebû Dâvud, Süleyman b Eş’as b İshak es-Sicistânî el-Ezdî. Sünen-i Ebû Dâvûd Terceme ve Şerhi. çev. İsmail Lütfî Çakan. 17 Cilt. İstanbul: Şamil Yayınevi, 1987.
  • Ekman, Paul. “How Emotions Might Work”. The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. ed. Andrew S. Fox vd. NY: Oxford University Press, 2. Basım, 2018.
  • Fischer, Agneta vd. “Why We Hate”. Emotion Review 10/4 (Ekim 2018), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917751229.
  • Fromm, Erich. Kendini Savunan İnsan (Ahlak Felsefesinin Psikolojisine İlişkin Bir Araştırma). çev. Necla Arat. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 4. Basım, 1994.
  • Frude, Neil. “Hatred Between Children”. How and Why Children Hate. ed. Ved P. Varma. 72-93. London: Jessica Kingsley, 1993.
  • Gabbard, Glen O. “Hatred and Its Rewards: A Discussion”. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 20/3 (Haziran 2000), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692009348897.
  • Gawda, Barbara. “Hate and Love Scripts-Common Elements”. Psychology of Hate (Psychology of Emotions, Motivations and Actions). ed. Carol T. Lochardt. 121-135. NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
  • Gaylin, Willard. Hatred: The Psychological Decent Into Violence. New York: Public Affairs, 2003.
  • Gazâlî, Ebû Hâmid Muhammed b. Muhammed. Kimyâ-i Saâdet. çev. A. Faruk Meyan. İstanbul: Bedir Yayınları, 1990.
  • Goleman, Daniel. Duygusal Zekâ. çev. Banu S. Yüksel. İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları, 57. Basım, 2022.
  • Hacker, P.M.S. The Passions: A Study of Human Nature. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2018.
  • Hall, G. Stanley. “A Study of Anger”. The American Journal of Psychology 10/3 (Temmuz 1899), 515-591. https://doi.org/10.2307/1412662.
  • Hampton, Jean. “Forgiveness, Resentment and Hatred”. Forgiveness and Mercy. ed. Jeffrie G. Murphy- Jean Hampton. 35-87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  • Hansen, Nina. “Anger”. Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. 2 Cilt. ed. Roy F. Baumeister – Kathleen Vohs. 37-39. London: Sage Publications, 2007.
  • Harrington, Evan R. “The Social Psychology of Hatred”. Journal of Hate Studies 3/1 (Ocak 2004), 49–82. https://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.20.
  • Heinämaa, Sara. “Disgust”, The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Emotions. ed. Thomas Szanto - Hilge Landweer. 380-391. NY: Routledge, 2020.
  • İbn Kesîr, Ebu’l Fida İsmail b. Ömer. Hadislerle Kur’an-ı Kerîm Tefsiri. çev. Bekir Karlığa-Bedrettin Çetiner. 16 Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 2005.
  • İsfahânî, Ebu'l-Kâsım Hüseyin b. Muhammed er-Râgıb. Müfredât Kur’an Kavramları Sözlüğü. trc. Abdulbaki Güneş – Mehmet Yolcu. İstanbul: Çıra Yayınları, 2010.
  • Izard, Carroll E. Human Emotions. NY: Plenum Press, 1977.
  • Kernberg, Otto. Aggressivity, Narcissism, and Self-Destructiveness in the Psychotherapeutic Relationship: New Developments in the Psychopathology and Psychotherapy of Severe Personality Disorders. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 2004.
  • Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Meâli. çev. Halil Altuntaş – Muzaffer Şahin. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 13. Basım, 2012.
  • Kolnai, Aurel. “The Standard Modes of Aversion: Fear, Disgust and Hatred”. Mind 107/427 (Temmuz 1998), 581–595.
  • Landweer, Hilge. “Aggressive Emotions: From Irritation to Hatred, Contempt and Indignation”. The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Emotions. ed. Thomas Szanto - Hilge Landweer. 441-454. NY: Routledge, 2020.
  • Lazar, Rina. “Knowing Hatred”. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 84/2 (2003), 405-425.
  • McGinn, Colin. The Meaning of Disgust. NY: Oxford University, 2011.
  • Miller, William I. The Anatomy of Disgust. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
  • Miller, William I. "Hatred." The Oxford Companion to Emotion and the Affective Sciences. ed. David Sander – Klaus R. Scherer. 203-204. NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.
  • Muhâsibî, Hâris b. Esed. er-Riâye: Nefs Muhasebesinin Temelleri. çev. Şahin Filiz - Hülya Küçük. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 4. Basım, 2011.
  • Müslim, Ebû’l-Huseyn Müslim b. el-Haccac el-Kuşeyrî. Sahîh-i Müslim. çev. Mehmed Sofuoğlu. 8 Cilt. İstanbul: İrfan Yayınları, 1988.
  • Navarro, Rose I. vd. “The Psychology of Hatred”. The Open Criminology Journal 6/1 (Nisan 2013), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874917801306010010.
  • Pao, Ping-Nie. “The Role of Hatred in the Ego”. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 34/2 (1965), 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1965.11926348.
  • Pascual-Leone, Antonio vd. “Problem Anger in Psychotherapy: An Emotion-Focused Perspective on Hate, Rage, and Rejecting Anger”. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy: On the Cutting Edge of Modern Developments in Psychotherapy 43/2 (Haziran 2013), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-012-9214-8.
  • Power, Mick - Dalgleish, Tim. Cognition and Emotion: From Order to Disorder. Hove, U.K.: Taylor Francis, 2. Basım, 2008.
  • Râzî, Fahreddin. Tefsîr-i Kebîr Mefâtîhu’l-Gayb. çev. Suat Yıldırım vd. 23 Cilt. Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları, 1988-2002.
  • Rempel, John K. - Burris, Christopher T. “Let me Count the Ways: An Integrative Theory of Love and Hate”. Personal Relationships 12/2 (Haziran 2005), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00116.x.
  • Rempel, John K. – Sutherland, Siobhan. “Hate: Theory and Implications for Intimate Relationships”. The psychology of Love and Hate in Intimate Relationships. ed. Katherine Aumer. 105-129. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.
  • Rothenberg, Albert. “On Anger”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 128/4 (Kasım 1971), 454-460. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.128.4.454.
  • Rozin, Paul vd. “The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping Between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76/4 (Nisan 1999), 574-586. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.76.4.574.
  • Rozin, Paul vd. “Disgust: The Body and Soul Emotion”. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. ed.Tim Dalgleish -Mick Power. 429-445. UK, John Wiley & Sons: 1999.
  • Schmid, Hans-Bernhard. “Hate of Evil”. The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Emotions. ed. Thomas Szanto - Hilge Landweer. 564-574. NY: Routledge, 2020.
  • Shapiro, Jerrold L. “We Hate What We Fear: Interpersonal Hate from a Clinical Perspective”. The Psychology of Love and Hate in Intimate Relationships. ed. Katherine Aumer. 153-177. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.
  • Solomon, Robert C. True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions Are Really Telling Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Staub, Ervin. “The Origins and Evolution of Hate, with Notes on Prevention”. The Psychology of Hate. ed. Robert J. Sternberg. 51-66. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.
  • Sternberg, Robert. “A Duplex Theory of Hate: Development and Application to Terrorism, Massacres, and Genocide”. Review of General Psychology 7/3 (Eylül 2003), 299-328. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.3.299.
  • Sternberg, Robert J. -Sternberg, Karin. The Nature of Hate. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Suttie, Ian D. The Origins of Love and Hate. NY: Routledge, 2014.
  • Suyûtî, Ebu’l-Fazl Celâleddin Abdurrahman b. Ebî Bekir. el-Câmiu’s-Sağîr: Muhtasarı, Tercüme ve Şerhi. haz. İsmail Mutlu vd. 3 Cilt. İstanbul: Yeni Asya Neşriyat, 4. Basım, 2008.
  • Szanto, Thomas. “In Hate We Trust: The Collectivization and Habitualization of Hatred”. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 19/3 (Temmuz 2020), 453-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-018-9604-9.
  • Tarhan, Nevzat. Duyguların Psikolojisi ve Duygusal Zekâ. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 19. Basım, 2016.
  • Tirmizî, Ebu İsâ Muhammed b. İsâ. Sünen-i Tirmizî. çev. Abdullah Parlıyan. 3 Cilt. Konya: Konya Kitapçılık, 2004.
  • Van Doorn, Janne. “Anger, Feelings of Revenge, and Hate”. Emotion Review 10/4 (Ağustos 2018), 321-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918783260.
  • Weingarten, Kaethe. “On Hating to Hate”. Family Process 45/3 (Eylül 2016), 277-288.
  • Yanay, Niza. “Hatred as Ambivalence”. Theory, Culture & Society 19/3 (2002a), 71-88.
  • Yazır, E. M. Hamdi. Hak Dini Kur’ân Dili. yay. haz. Ahmet Altıntepe – Kul Sadi Yüksel. 10 Cilt. İstanbul: Yenda Yayınları, 1999.

Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 12, 93 - 113, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53336/rumeli.1260822

Öz

Bu araştırmada, ilgili literatür çerçevesinde, sosyo-psikolojik ve dinî açıdan nefret duygusu üzerine bir değerlendirilme yapılmıştır. Bu sayede konuyla ilgili yerli alan yazındaki teorik boşluğun giderilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Zira öfke, tiksinme, şiddet gibi duygularla nitelendirilen nefret duygusu, nesneye karşı yoğun bir hoşnutsuzluğu ihtiva etmekte ve nesneyi olumsuzlamaya veya ona zarar vermeye yönelik saldırgan nitelik taşıyan davranış kalıplarına yol açmaktadır. Yıkıcı doğası nedeniyle psikolojik, sosyal ve dinî hayatın bütünlüğüne yönelik tahrip edici bir rol üstlenmektedir. Dolayısıyla nefret duygusunu doğru okumak ve anlamak oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Buradan hareketle bu makalede psikolojik ve dinî perspektiften nefretin kavramsal yapısı incelenmiş, nefretin diğer duygularla olan ilişkisi farklılaşan ve kesişen yönleriyle ele alınmış ve nefrete yol açan durumlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca nefretin, ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri ve nefretle başa çıkma yolları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akhtar, Salman. “Some Reflections on the Nature of Hatred and Its Emergence in the Treatment Process: Discussion of Kernberg’s Chapter ‘Hatred as a Core Affect of Aggression”. The Birth of Hatred: Developmental, Clinical, and Technicalaspects of Intense Aggression. ed. Salman Akhtar vd. 83-103. New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995.
  • Alpern, Michele -Rosen, Marvin. Overcoming Feelings of Hatred (Focus on Family Matters). Chelsea House Pub, 2003.
  • Allport, Gordon. Önyargının Doğası. çev. Nur Nirven. Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Aumer, Katherine vd. “Through the Looking Glass, Darkly: Perceptions of Hate in Interpersonal Relationships”. Journal of Relationships Research 6 (Ocak 2015), 1-7.
  • Aumer, Katherine vd. “Can’t Let it Go: Hate in Interpersonal Relationships”. Journal of Relationships Research 7/2 (Ocak 2016), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2016.2.
  • Aumer-Ryan, Katherine - Hatfield, Elaine. “The Design of Everyday Hate: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis”. Interpersona 1/2 (Ekim 2007), 143–172.
  • Averill, James R. Anger and Aggression: An Essay on Emotion. NY: Springer, 1982.
  • Ballard, John A. – McDowell, Aliecia J. “Hate and Combat Behavior”. Armed Forces & Society 17/2 (1991), 229–241, https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X9101700204.
  • Baumeister, Roy F. Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. NY: Freeman, 1996.
  • Beck, Aaron T. “Prisoners of Hate”. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40/3 (Mart 2002), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00103-6.
  • Beck, Aaron T. – Pretzer, James. “A Cognitive Perspective on Hate and Violence”, The Psychology of hate. ed. Robert J. Sternberg. 67-85. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.
  • Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron. “Anger and Hate”. Journal of Social Philosophy 23/2 (Eylül 1992), 85– 110.
  • Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron. The Subtlety of Emotions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.
  • Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron. “Hating the One You Love”. Philosophia 36/3 (Eylül 2008), 277– 283.
  • Blum, Harold P., “Clinical and Developmental Dimensions of Hate”. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 45/2 (1997), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651970450020501.
  • Cevziyye, İbn Kayyim. İbn Kayyim Tefsiri: Bedâi’u’t-Tefsîr. der. Yüsrî es-Seyyid Muhammed. çev. Mehmet Ali Kara vd. 4 Cilt. İstanbul: Polen Yayınları, 2011.
  • Chabra, Smrithi vd. “The Emotional and Psychological Aspects of Hate and Enmity”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 3/49 (Ekim 2014), 11715-11725. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2014/3539.
  • Chapman, Hanah A. – Anderson, Adam K. “Understanding Disgust”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1251/1 (Ocak 2012), 62-76.
  • Charny, Israel W. “Channeling Anger and Hate for Protecting Human Life”. Perspectives on Hate: How it Originates, Develops, Manifests, and Spreads. ed. Robert J. Sternberg. 109-135. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2020.
  • Cioni, Patrick P. “Hate, Revenge and Forgiveness: A Healthy, Ego-Strengthening Alternative to the Experience of Offense”. Psychology of Hate (Psychology of Emotions, Motivations and Actions. ed. Carol T. Lochardt. 59-81. NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
  • Çağrıcı, Mustafa. “Kin”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 26/30-31. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2002.
  • DiGiuseppe, Raymond – Tafrate, Raymond Chip. Understanding Anger Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Dovidio, John F. vd. “On the Nature of Prejudice: The Psychological Foundations of Hate”. The Psychology of Hate. ed. Robert J. Sternberg. 211-234. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.
  • Ebû Dâvud, Süleyman b Eş’as b İshak es-Sicistânî el-Ezdî. Sünen-i Ebû Dâvûd Terceme ve Şerhi. çev. İsmail Lütfî Çakan. 17 Cilt. İstanbul: Şamil Yayınevi, 1987.
  • Ekman, Paul. “How Emotions Might Work”. The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. ed. Andrew S. Fox vd. NY: Oxford University Press, 2. Basım, 2018.
  • Fischer, Agneta vd. “Why We Hate”. Emotion Review 10/4 (Ekim 2018), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917751229.
  • Fromm, Erich. Kendini Savunan İnsan (Ahlak Felsefesinin Psikolojisine İlişkin Bir Araştırma). çev. Necla Arat. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 4. Basım, 1994.
  • Frude, Neil. “Hatred Between Children”. How and Why Children Hate. ed. Ved P. Varma. 72-93. London: Jessica Kingsley, 1993.
  • Gabbard, Glen O. “Hatred and Its Rewards: A Discussion”. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 20/3 (Haziran 2000), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692009348897.
  • Gawda, Barbara. “Hate and Love Scripts-Common Elements”. Psychology of Hate (Psychology of Emotions, Motivations and Actions). ed. Carol T. Lochardt. 121-135. NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
  • Gaylin, Willard. Hatred: The Psychological Decent Into Violence. New York: Public Affairs, 2003.
  • Gazâlî, Ebû Hâmid Muhammed b. Muhammed. Kimyâ-i Saâdet. çev. A. Faruk Meyan. İstanbul: Bedir Yayınları, 1990.
  • Goleman, Daniel. Duygusal Zekâ. çev. Banu S. Yüksel. İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları, 57. Basım, 2022.
  • Hacker, P.M.S. The Passions: A Study of Human Nature. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2018.
  • Hall, G. Stanley. “A Study of Anger”. The American Journal of Psychology 10/3 (Temmuz 1899), 515-591. https://doi.org/10.2307/1412662.
  • Hampton, Jean. “Forgiveness, Resentment and Hatred”. Forgiveness and Mercy. ed. Jeffrie G. Murphy- Jean Hampton. 35-87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  • Hansen, Nina. “Anger”. Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. 2 Cilt. ed. Roy F. Baumeister – Kathleen Vohs. 37-39. London: Sage Publications, 2007.
  • Harrington, Evan R. “The Social Psychology of Hatred”. Journal of Hate Studies 3/1 (Ocak 2004), 49–82. https://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.20.
  • Heinämaa, Sara. “Disgust”, The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Emotions. ed. Thomas Szanto - Hilge Landweer. 380-391. NY: Routledge, 2020.
  • İbn Kesîr, Ebu’l Fida İsmail b. Ömer. Hadislerle Kur’an-ı Kerîm Tefsiri. çev. Bekir Karlığa-Bedrettin Çetiner. 16 Cilt. İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 2005.
  • İsfahânî, Ebu'l-Kâsım Hüseyin b. Muhammed er-Râgıb. Müfredât Kur’an Kavramları Sözlüğü. trc. Abdulbaki Güneş – Mehmet Yolcu. İstanbul: Çıra Yayınları, 2010.
  • Izard, Carroll E. Human Emotions. NY: Plenum Press, 1977.
  • Kernberg, Otto. Aggressivity, Narcissism, and Self-Destructiveness in the Psychotherapeutic Relationship: New Developments in the Psychopathology and Psychotherapy of Severe Personality Disorders. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 2004.
  • Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Meâli. çev. Halil Altuntaş – Muzaffer Şahin. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 13. Basım, 2012.
  • Kolnai, Aurel. “The Standard Modes of Aversion: Fear, Disgust and Hatred”. Mind 107/427 (Temmuz 1998), 581–595.
  • Landweer, Hilge. “Aggressive Emotions: From Irritation to Hatred, Contempt and Indignation”. The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Emotions. ed. Thomas Szanto - Hilge Landweer. 441-454. NY: Routledge, 2020.
  • Lazar, Rina. “Knowing Hatred”. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 84/2 (2003), 405-425.
  • McGinn, Colin. The Meaning of Disgust. NY: Oxford University, 2011.
  • Miller, William I. The Anatomy of Disgust. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
  • Miller, William I. "Hatred." The Oxford Companion to Emotion and the Affective Sciences. ed. David Sander – Klaus R. Scherer. 203-204. NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.
  • Muhâsibî, Hâris b. Esed. er-Riâye: Nefs Muhasebesinin Temelleri. çev. Şahin Filiz - Hülya Küçük. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 4. Basım, 2011.
  • Müslim, Ebû’l-Huseyn Müslim b. el-Haccac el-Kuşeyrî. Sahîh-i Müslim. çev. Mehmed Sofuoğlu. 8 Cilt. İstanbul: İrfan Yayınları, 1988.
  • Navarro, Rose I. vd. “The Psychology of Hatred”. The Open Criminology Journal 6/1 (Nisan 2013), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874917801306010010.
  • Pao, Ping-Nie. “The Role of Hatred in the Ego”. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 34/2 (1965), 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1965.11926348.
  • Pascual-Leone, Antonio vd. “Problem Anger in Psychotherapy: An Emotion-Focused Perspective on Hate, Rage, and Rejecting Anger”. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy: On the Cutting Edge of Modern Developments in Psychotherapy 43/2 (Haziran 2013), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-012-9214-8.
  • Power, Mick - Dalgleish, Tim. Cognition and Emotion: From Order to Disorder. Hove, U.K.: Taylor Francis, 2. Basım, 2008.
  • Râzî, Fahreddin. Tefsîr-i Kebîr Mefâtîhu’l-Gayb. çev. Suat Yıldırım vd. 23 Cilt. Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları, 1988-2002.
  • Rempel, John K. - Burris, Christopher T. “Let me Count the Ways: An Integrative Theory of Love and Hate”. Personal Relationships 12/2 (Haziran 2005), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00116.x.
  • Rempel, John K. – Sutherland, Siobhan. “Hate: Theory and Implications for Intimate Relationships”. The psychology of Love and Hate in Intimate Relationships. ed. Katherine Aumer. 105-129. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.
  • Rothenberg, Albert. “On Anger”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 128/4 (Kasım 1971), 454-460. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.128.4.454.
  • Rozin, Paul vd. “The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping Between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76/4 (Nisan 1999), 574-586. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.76.4.574.
  • Rozin, Paul vd. “Disgust: The Body and Soul Emotion”. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. ed.Tim Dalgleish -Mick Power. 429-445. UK, John Wiley & Sons: 1999.
  • Schmid, Hans-Bernhard. “Hate of Evil”. The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Emotions. ed. Thomas Szanto - Hilge Landweer. 564-574. NY: Routledge, 2020.
  • Shapiro, Jerrold L. “We Hate What We Fear: Interpersonal Hate from a Clinical Perspective”. The Psychology of Love and Hate in Intimate Relationships. ed. Katherine Aumer. 153-177. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.
  • Solomon, Robert C. True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions Are Really Telling Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Staub, Ervin. “The Origins and Evolution of Hate, with Notes on Prevention”. The Psychology of Hate. ed. Robert J. Sternberg. 51-66. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.
  • Sternberg, Robert. “A Duplex Theory of Hate: Development and Application to Terrorism, Massacres, and Genocide”. Review of General Psychology 7/3 (Eylül 2003), 299-328. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.3.299.
  • Sternberg, Robert J. -Sternberg, Karin. The Nature of Hate. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Suttie, Ian D. The Origins of Love and Hate. NY: Routledge, 2014.
  • Suyûtî, Ebu’l-Fazl Celâleddin Abdurrahman b. Ebî Bekir. el-Câmiu’s-Sağîr: Muhtasarı, Tercüme ve Şerhi. haz. İsmail Mutlu vd. 3 Cilt. İstanbul: Yeni Asya Neşriyat, 4. Basım, 2008.
  • Szanto, Thomas. “In Hate We Trust: The Collectivization and Habitualization of Hatred”. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 19/3 (Temmuz 2020), 453-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-018-9604-9.
  • Tarhan, Nevzat. Duyguların Psikolojisi ve Duygusal Zekâ. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 19. Basım, 2016.
  • Tirmizî, Ebu İsâ Muhammed b. İsâ. Sünen-i Tirmizî. çev. Abdullah Parlıyan. 3 Cilt. Konya: Konya Kitapçılık, 2004.
  • Van Doorn, Janne. “Anger, Feelings of Revenge, and Hate”. Emotion Review 10/4 (Ağustos 2018), 321-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918783260.
  • Weingarten, Kaethe. “On Hating to Hate”. Family Process 45/3 (Eylül 2016), 277-288.
  • Yanay, Niza. “Hatred as Ambivalence”. Theory, Culture & Society 19/3 (2002a), 71-88.
  • Yazır, E. M. Hamdi. Hak Dini Kur’ân Dili. yay. haz. Ahmet Altıntepe – Kul Sadi Yüksel. 10 Cilt. İstanbul: Yenda Yayınları, 1999.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Esra İrk 0000-0002-0607-9210

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA İrk, E. (2023). Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Rumeli İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi(12), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.53336/rumeli.1260822
AMA İrk E. Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Rumeli İslâm. Ekim 2023;(12):93-113. doi:10.53336/rumeli.1260822
Chicago İrk, Esra. “Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Rumeli İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 12 (Ekim 2023): 93-113. https://doi.org/10.53336/rumeli.1260822.
EndNote İrk E (01 Ekim 2023) Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Rumeli İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 93–113.
IEEE E. İrk, “Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Rumeli İslâm, sy. 12, ss. 93–113, Ekim 2023, doi: 10.53336/rumeli.1260822.
ISNAD İrk, Esra. “Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Rumeli İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 (Ekim 2023), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.53336/rumeli.1260822.
JAMA İrk E. Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Rumeli İslâm. 2023;:93–113.
MLA İrk, Esra. “Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Rumeli İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 12, 2023, ss. 93-113, doi:10.53336/rumeli.1260822.
Vancouver İrk E. Sosyo-Psikolojik Ve Dinî Açıdan Nefret Duygusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Rumeli İslâm. 2023(12):93-113.

RUMELİ
İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi
مجلة روم ايلى للبحوث الإسلامية/ Rumeli Journal of Islamic Studies
ISSN: 2564-7903