Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Protest by Ballot Paper: “none of the above” Option

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 530 - 552, 29.12.2023

Öz

Democratic elections are based on voters choosing between competing political parties or candidates. Generally, voters who do not wish to support any of the candidates are not given an option to clearly express their preferences. In some countries, however, an option of “none of the above” (NOTA) or “none of these candidates” (NOTC) is included on the ballot papers. Very few countries offer voters this option in their ballot papers. In some countries, blank votes are counted separately and included in the number of valid votes. The purpose of such regulations is to increase the voter turnout by including voters who protest against candidates. The Venice Commission has noted that the possibility for voters to reject candidates or parties may strengthen their apathy towards politics and parties. In this study, examples of countries that offer “none of the above” or similar options on their ballots will be examined in general.

Kaynakça

  • Alsema, Adriaan. “Colombian town votes ‘none of the above’ forcing new election”, Colombia Reports, (31.10.2011), https://colombiareports.com/colombian-town-massively-votes-none-of-the-above-forcing-new-elections/, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2023).
  • Alvarez, R. Michael/Kiewiet, D. Roderick/Nu´nez, Lucas. “A Taxonomy of Protest Voting”, Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 21, 2018, s. 135–154.
  • Ambrus, Attila/Greiner, Ben/Zednik, Anita. “The Effects of a ‘None of the Above’ Ballot Paper Option on Voting Behavior and Election Outcomes”, Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID), Working Paper No. 277, (07.11.2018), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?form_name=journalbrowse&journal_id=1157958, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2019).
  • Arcelus, Francisco/Mauser, Gary/Spindler, Z. A. “The Right to Vote No: Revising The Voting System and Resuscitating The F-Y Voter”, Public Choice, Volume 33, Issue 4, 1978, s. 67–83.
  • Bergh, Johannes. “Protest Voting in Austria, Denmark, and Norway”, Scandinavian Political Studies, Volume 27, No. 4, 2004, s. 367-389.
  • Bowler, Shaun/Lanoue, David J. “Strategic and Protest Voting for Third Parties: The Case of the Canadian NDP”, The Western Political Quarterly, Volume 45, No. 2, 1992, s. 485-499.
  • Brown, Adam R. “Losing to Nobody? Nevada’s “None of These Candidates” Ballot Reform”, The Social Science Journal, Volume 48, Issue 2, 2011, s. 364–370.
  • Candan, Kadir/Solak, Mehmet/Bilgin, Murat. Dünyada Seçim Sistemleri, TBMM Basımevi, Ankara, 2020.
  • Çelik, Özlem. “Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Hukukunda Yürütme İmtiyazı”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 30, Sayı. 3, s. 1253-1299.
  • Damore David F./Waters, Mallory M./Bowler, Shaun. “Unhappy, Uninformed, or Uninterested? Understanding “None of the Above” Voting”, Political Research Quarterly, Volume 65, Issue 4, 2012, s. 895– 907.
  • David, Pascaline. “What is the purpose of a blank vote? How is it different from a spoiled vote or abstention?”, Le Monde, (12.04.2022), https://www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2022/04/12/what-is-the-purpose-of-a-blank-vote-how-does-it-differ-from-a-spoiled-vote-or-an-abstention_5980314_8.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2023).
  • Erickson, Robert E. “None of These Candidates”, Political History of Nevada, (Nevada Secretary of State), 2016, http://epubs.nsla.nv.gov/statepubs/epubs/613636-2016.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023), s. 189-190.
  • Fedorenko, Vladyslav/Nesterovych, Volodymyr/Bernazıuk, Ian. “The Ballot Paper: a Constitutional Instrument of Electoral Democracy or a Means of Manipulating the Electorate?”, Krytyka Prawa, Niezależne Studia Nad Prawem, Volume 13, No. 1, 2021, s. 51-79.
  • Fund, John. “None of the Above Should Be on the Ballot”, National Review, (10.09.2012), https://www.nationalreview.com/2012/09/none-above-should-be-ballot-john-fund/, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2022).
  • Heinsohn, Till. “Casting an Invalid Vote at the 2017 French Presidential Election”, French Politics, Volume 16, 2018, s. 383–399.
  • Herron, Michael C./Sekhon, Jasjeet S. “Black Candidates and Black Voters: Assessing the Impact of Candidate Race on Uncounted Vote Rates”, The Journal of Politics, Volume 67, No. 1, 2005, s. 154–177.
  • Hutcheson, Derek S. “Disengaged or disenchanted? the vote ‘against all’ in post-communist Russia”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Volume 20, No. 1, 2004, s. 98–121. Ibbitson, John. “Want to Vote ‘None of The Above’ in Ontario’s Election? Here’s How You Can”, The Globe and Mail, (20.05.2018), https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-want-to-vote-none-of-the-above-in-ontarios-election-heres-how-you/, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2023).
  • Karim, Mohammad Ataul. “ ‘Negative Voting’ in Parliamentary Election of Bangladesh: A legal and Political Analysis, Green University Review, Volume 4, No. 1-2, 2013, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2624903, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2023).
  • Katju, Manjarı. “The ‘None of the Above’ Option”, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 48, No. 42, 2013, s. 10-12.
  • Khan, Kafeel. “NOTA: A Progress or Regress”, Jus Corpus Law Journal, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, s. 1-11.
  • Li, Xiaoli. “None of the Above Party Looks to Provide Alternative in Ontario Election”, CTV News, (09.06.2014), https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/none-of-the-above-party-looks-to-provide-alternative-in-ontario-election-1.1860463, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2023).
  • Mackintosh, Eliza/Vonberg, Judith. “A record number of French voters cast their ballots for nobody”, CNN, (08.05.2017), https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/08/europe/french-voters-spoiled-ballots-abstained/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2023).
  • McAllister, Ian/Makkai, Toni. “Institutions, Society or Protest? Explaining Invalid Votes in Australian Elections”, Electoral Studies, Volume 12, Issue 1, 1993, s. 23-40.
  • Mortimer, Caroline. “Canadian Man Changes His Name to ‘Above Znoneofthe’ to Stand in a Local Election”, Independent, (31.01.2016), https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/canadian-man-changes-his-name-to-above-znoneofthe-to-stand-in-a-local-election-a6845006.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2023).
  • Mott, Rodney L. “Invalid Ballots Under the Hare System of Proportional Representation”, The American Political Science Review, Volume 20, No. 4, 1926, s. 874–882.
  • Moualek, Jérémie. “Votes That Are (Really) Not Like Others?” Revue Française de Science Politique (English Edition), Volume 67, No. 6, 2017, s. I-XIV.
  • Myers, Dennis. “None of These Candidates”, Online Nevada Encyclopedia (ONE), 2009, https://www.onlinenevada.org/articles/none-these-candidates, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
  • Nagle, John D. “Let the Voters Choose None of the Above”, The New York Times, (28.05.1989), (https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/28/opinion/l-let-the-voters-choose-none-of-the-above-446689.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2023).
  • O’Connor, Blair T. “Want to Limit Congressional Terms- Vote for None of the Above”, Valparaiso University Law Review, Volume 29, 1994, s. 361-415.
  • Oversloot, Hans/ Van Holsteyn, Joop /Van Den Berg, Ger P. “Against All: Exploring the Vote ‘Against All’ in the Russian Federation’s Electoral System”, The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Volume 18, Issue 4, 2002, s. 31-50.
  • Phillips, Shanna S. Making Choices Real: Increasing Electoral Participation by Voting for None, University of Nevada, Retrospective Theses & Dissertations, Universty of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2000, https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds/1129, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2019).
  • Plescia, Carolina/Kritzinger, Sylvia/ Singh, Shane P. “Who Would Vote NOTA? Explaining a ‘None of the Above’ Choice in Eight Countries”, European Journal of Political Research, 2021, s. 1-17.
  • Power, Timothy J./Garand, James C. “Determinants of Invalid Voting in Latin America”, Electoral Studies, Volume 26, Issue 2, 2007, s. 432-444.
  • Power, Timothy J./Roberts, J. Timmons. “Compulsory Voting, Invalid Ballots, and Abstention in Brazil”, Political Research Quarterly, Volume 48, No. 4, 1995, s. 795-826.
  • Roy, Maya/Vachana, Vr. “NOTA and the Indian Voter”, Economic & Political Weekly, Volume 53, Issue No. 6, 2018, s. 28-31.
  • Stiefbold, Rodney P. “The Significance of Void Ballots in West German Elections” The American Political Science Review, Volume 59, No. 2, 1965, s. 391–407.
  • Superti, Chiara. “The Blank and Null Vote as An Alternative Form of Democratic Protest”, http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/csuperti/files/blankasprotest_final.pdf?m=1455298855, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2019).
  • Superti, Chiara. “Vanguard of the Discontents: Blank and Null Voting as Sophisticated Protest”, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/csuperti/files/supertibnvpaper.pdf, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2019).
  • Taylor, Steven L. “Colombian Voters and Ballot Structure: Error, Confusion, and/or None of the Above”, The Latin Americanist, Volume 56, Number 4, 2012, s. 111-130.
  • The Express Tribune. “None of the above vote to be added to ballots: ECP”, (03.04.2013), https://tribune.com.pk/story/530557/none-of-the-above-vote-to-be-added-to-ballots-ecp/, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2023).
  • Tyshkovskyi, Anton. “Does NOTA Option Availability Affect Voting in a Polarized Environment? Evidence from Ukrainian Parliamentary Elections 2006 – 2012”, Central European University Department of Economics, https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2016/tyshkovskyi_anton.pdf, Budapest, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2023).
  • Ujhelyi, Gergely/Chatterjee, Somdeep/Szabo, Andrea. “None of the Above”, Working paper University of Houston, (23.05.2018), (http://www.uh.edu/~gujhelyi/nota.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2019).
  • Venice Commission, Report on Electoral Law and Electoral Administration in Europe, CDL-AD (2006) 018, Strazburg, (12.06.2006).
  • Venice Commission, Report on Electoral Law and Electoral Administration in Europe, CDL-AD(2020)023, Strasbourg, (08.10.2020).
  • Weinberg, Leonard/Linderman, Robert/Amal, Kawar. “The Electoral Consequences of a New Ballot Choice: The Case of ‘None of These’ in Nevada”, State & Local Government Review, Volume 14, No. 3, 1982, s. 117-120.

Oy Pusulası ile Protesto: “Yukarıdakilerden Hiçbiri” Seçeneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 530 - 552, 29.12.2023

Öz

Demokratik seçimler, seçmenlerin rakip siyasi partiler veya adaylar arasından bir seçim yapması esasına dayanır. Adaylardan hiçbirini desteklemek istemeyen seçmelere tercihlerini açık bir şekilde ifade edebilecek bir seçenek genellikle sunulmaz. Ancak bazı ülkelerde, oy pusulalarında “yukarıdakilerden hiçbiri” (none of the above, NOTA), ya da “bu adayların hiçbiri” (none of these candidates, NOTC) şekilde bir seçeneğe yer verilmektedir. Oy pusulalarında seçmenlere bu şeklinde bir seçenek sunan ülke sayısı oldukça azdır. Bazı ülkelerde ise boş oylar ayrıca sayılıp, geçerli oy sayısına dahil edilmektedir. Bu tür düzenlemelerin amacı adayları protesto eden seçmenleri de sürece dahil ederek, seçimlere katılma oranlarını arttırmaktır. Venedik Komisyonu ise seçmenlerin adayları veya partileri reddedebilmelerinin, siyasete ve partilere karşı ilgisizliklerini güçlendirebileceğini belirtmiştir. Bu çalışmada oy pusulalarında “yukarıdakilerden hiçbiri” ya da benzeri seçenekler sunan ülke örnekleri genel olarak incelenecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Alsema, Adriaan. “Colombian town votes ‘none of the above’ forcing new election”, Colombia Reports, (31.10.2011), https://colombiareports.com/colombian-town-massively-votes-none-of-the-above-forcing-new-elections/, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2023).
  • Alvarez, R. Michael/Kiewiet, D. Roderick/Nu´nez, Lucas. “A Taxonomy of Protest Voting”, Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 21, 2018, s. 135–154.
  • Ambrus, Attila/Greiner, Ben/Zednik, Anita. “The Effects of a ‘None of the Above’ Ballot Paper Option on Voting Behavior and Election Outcomes”, Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID), Working Paper No. 277, (07.11.2018), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?form_name=journalbrowse&journal_id=1157958, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2019).
  • Arcelus, Francisco/Mauser, Gary/Spindler, Z. A. “The Right to Vote No: Revising The Voting System and Resuscitating The F-Y Voter”, Public Choice, Volume 33, Issue 4, 1978, s. 67–83.
  • Bergh, Johannes. “Protest Voting in Austria, Denmark, and Norway”, Scandinavian Political Studies, Volume 27, No. 4, 2004, s. 367-389.
  • Bowler, Shaun/Lanoue, David J. “Strategic and Protest Voting for Third Parties: The Case of the Canadian NDP”, The Western Political Quarterly, Volume 45, No. 2, 1992, s. 485-499.
  • Brown, Adam R. “Losing to Nobody? Nevada’s “None of These Candidates” Ballot Reform”, The Social Science Journal, Volume 48, Issue 2, 2011, s. 364–370.
  • Candan, Kadir/Solak, Mehmet/Bilgin, Murat. Dünyada Seçim Sistemleri, TBMM Basımevi, Ankara, 2020.
  • Çelik, Özlem. “Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Hukukunda Yürütme İmtiyazı”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 30, Sayı. 3, s. 1253-1299.
  • Damore David F./Waters, Mallory M./Bowler, Shaun. “Unhappy, Uninformed, or Uninterested? Understanding “None of the Above” Voting”, Political Research Quarterly, Volume 65, Issue 4, 2012, s. 895– 907.
  • David, Pascaline. “What is the purpose of a blank vote? How is it different from a spoiled vote or abstention?”, Le Monde, (12.04.2022), https://www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2022/04/12/what-is-the-purpose-of-a-blank-vote-how-does-it-differ-from-a-spoiled-vote-or-an-abstention_5980314_8.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2023).
  • Erickson, Robert E. “None of These Candidates”, Political History of Nevada, (Nevada Secretary of State), 2016, http://epubs.nsla.nv.gov/statepubs/epubs/613636-2016.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023), s. 189-190.
  • Fedorenko, Vladyslav/Nesterovych, Volodymyr/Bernazıuk, Ian. “The Ballot Paper: a Constitutional Instrument of Electoral Democracy or a Means of Manipulating the Electorate?”, Krytyka Prawa, Niezależne Studia Nad Prawem, Volume 13, No. 1, 2021, s. 51-79.
  • Fund, John. “None of the Above Should Be on the Ballot”, National Review, (10.09.2012), https://www.nationalreview.com/2012/09/none-above-should-be-ballot-john-fund/, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2022).
  • Heinsohn, Till. “Casting an Invalid Vote at the 2017 French Presidential Election”, French Politics, Volume 16, 2018, s. 383–399.
  • Herron, Michael C./Sekhon, Jasjeet S. “Black Candidates and Black Voters: Assessing the Impact of Candidate Race on Uncounted Vote Rates”, The Journal of Politics, Volume 67, No. 1, 2005, s. 154–177.
  • Hutcheson, Derek S. “Disengaged or disenchanted? the vote ‘against all’ in post-communist Russia”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Volume 20, No. 1, 2004, s. 98–121. Ibbitson, John. “Want to Vote ‘None of The Above’ in Ontario’s Election? Here’s How You Can”, The Globe and Mail, (20.05.2018), https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-want-to-vote-none-of-the-above-in-ontarios-election-heres-how-you/, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2023).
  • Karim, Mohammad Ataul. “ ‘Negative Voting’ in Parliamentary Election of Bangladesh: A legal and Political Analysis, Green University Review, Volume 4, No. 1-2, 2013, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2624903, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2023).
  • Katju, Manjarı. “The ‘None of the Above’ Option”, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 48, No. 42, 2013, s. 10-12.
  • Khan, Kafeel. “NOTA: A Progress or Regress”, Jus Corpus Law Journal, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, s. 1-11.
  • Li, Xiaoli. “None of the Above Party Looks to Provide Alternative in Ontario Election”, CTV News, (09.06.2014), https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/none-of-the-above-party-looks-to-provide-alternative-in-ontario-election-1.1860463, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2023).
  • Mackintosh, Eliza/Vonberg, Judith. “A record number of French voters cast their ballots for nobody”, CNN, (08.05.2017), https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/08/europe/french-voters-spoiled-ballots-abstained/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2023).
  • McAllister, Ian/Makkai, Toni. “Institutions, Society or Protest? Explaining Invalid Votes in Australian Elections”, Electoral Studies, Volume 12, Issue 1, 1993, s. 23-40.
  • Mortimer, Caroline. “Canadian Man Changes His Name to ‘Above Znoneofthe’ to Stand in a Local Election”, Independent, (31.01.2016), https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/canadian-man-changes-his-name-to-above-znoneofthe-to-stand-in-a-local-election-a6845006.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2023).
  • Mott, Rodney L. “Invalid Ballots Under the Hare System of Proportional Representation”, The American Political Science Review, Volume 20, No. 4, 1926, s. 874–882.
  • Moualek, Jérémie. “Votes That Are (Really) Not Like Others?” Revue Française de Science Politique (English Edition), Volume 67, No. 6, 2017, s. I-XIV.
  • Myers, Dennis. “None of These Candidates”, Online Nevada Encyclopedia (ONE), 2009, https://www.onlinenevada.org/articles/none-these-candidates, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2023).
  • Nagle, John D. “Let the Voters Choose None of the Above”, The New York Times, (28.05.1989), (https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/28/opinion/l-let-the-voters-choose-none-of-the-above-446689.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2023).
  • O’Connor, Blair T. “Want to Limit Congressional Terms- Vote for None of the Above”, Valparaiso University Law Review, Volume 29, 1994, s. 361-415.
  • Oversloot, Hans/ Van Holsteyn, Joop /Van Den Berg, Ger P. “Against All: Exploring the Vote ‘Against All’ in the Russian Federation’s Electoral System”, The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Volume 18, Issue 4, 2002, s. 31-50.
  • Phillips, Shanna S. Making Choices Real: Increasing Electoral Participation by Voting for None, University of Nevada, Retrospective Theses & Dissertations, Universty of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2000, https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds/1129, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2019).
  • Plescia, Carolina/Kritzinger, Sylvia/ Singh, Shane P. “Who Would Vote NOTA? Explaining a ‘None of the Above’ Choice in Eight Countries”, European Journal of Political Research, 2021, s. 1-17.
  • Power, Timothy J./Garand, James C. “Determinants of Invalid Voting in Latin America”, Electoral Studies, Volume 26, Issue 2, 2007, s. 432-444.
  • Power, Timothy J./Roberts, J. Timmons. “Compulsory Voting, Invalid Ballots, and Abstention in Brazil”, Political Research Quarterly, Volume 48, No. 4, 1995, s. 795-826.
  • Roy, Maya/Vachana, Vr. “NOTA and the Indian Voter”, Economic & Political Weekly, Volume 53, Issue No. 6, 2018, s. 28-31.
  • Stiefbold, Rodney P. “The Significance of Void Ballots in West German Elections” The American Political Science Review, Volume 59, No. 2, 1965, s. 391–407.
  • Superti, Chiara. “The Blank and Null Vote as An Alternative Form of Democratic Protest”, http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/csuperti/files/blankasprotest_final.pdf?m=1455298855, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2019).
  • Superti, Chiara. “Vanguard of the Discontents: Blank and Null Voting as Sophisticated Protest”, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/csuperti/files/supertibnvpaper.pdf, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2019).
  • Taylor, Steven L. “Colombian Voters and Ballot Structure: Error, Confusion, and/or None of the Above”, The Latin Americanist, Volume 56, Number 4, 2012, s. 111-130.
  • The Express Tribune. “None of the above vote to be added to ballots: ECP”, (03.04.2013), https://tribune.com.pk/story/530557/none-of-the-above-vote-to-be-added-to-ballots-ecp/, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2023).
  • Tyshkovskyi, Anton. “Does NOTA Option Availability Affect Voting in a Polarized Environment? Evidence from Ukrainian Parliamentary Elections 2006 – 2012”, Central European University Department of Economics, https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2016/tyshkovskyi_anton.pdf, Budapest, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2023).
  • Ujhelyi, Gergely/Chatterjee, Somdeep/Szabo, Andrea. “None of the Above”, Working paper University of Houston, (23.05.2018), (http://www.uh.edu/~gujhelyi/nota.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2019).
  • Venice Commission, Report on Electoral Law and Electoral Administration in Europe, CDL-AD (2006) 018, Strazburg, (12.06.2006).
  • Venice Commission, Report on Electoral Law and Electoral Administration in Europe, CDL-AD(2020)023, Strasbourg, (08.10.2020).
  • Weinberg, Leonard/Linderman, Robert/Amal, Kawar. “The Electoral Consequences of a New Ballot Choice: The Case of ‘None of These’ in Nevada”, State & Local Government Review, Volume 14, No. 3, 1982, s. 117-120.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri (Research Articles)
Yazarlar

Özlem Çelik 0000-0001-8258-9880

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

MLA Çelik, Özlem. “Oy Pusulası Ile Protesto: ‘Yukarıdakilerden Hiçbiri’ Seçeneği”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 530-52.

17742

Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.