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Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı, 201 - 220, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1349127

Öz

Türkiye'nin Avrupa bütünleşmesinin başlangıcından beri Avrupa Birliği (AB) kurumları içinde yer almak istemesi kendisinin Avrupalı bir devlet olarak tanımlanma amacı ile ilişkilidir. Türkiye ile 2005 yılında tam üyelik için müzakerelere başlanmış olmasına rağmen, Türkiye’nin Avrupalılığı tartışılmaya devam etmektedir. Fransa, bu tartışmaların en yoğun gerçekleştiği üye ülkelerden biridir. Türkiye’nin AB üyelik sürecinde önemli bir role sahip Fransa’da popülist radikal sağ yükseliştedir. Makalenin amacı, Türkiye’nin AB içindeki veya dışındaki geleceği için belirleyici unsurlardan biri olan Fransa’da Türkiye’nin AB üyeliğinin popülist radikal sağ tarafından nasıl tasvir edildiğini analiz etmektir. Çalışma, son dönemlerde seçim başarısını artırarak Fransa siyasetinin önemli bir aktörü hâline gelen Ulusal Cephe/Ulusal Birlik partisinin Marine Le Pen liderliğinde (2011-2022) Türkiye’nin AB üyeliğine yönelik söylemlerini ve tutumunu, popülizm ve dış politika çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Çalışmada, birincil kaynak olarak parti programları, seçim manifestoları, basın açıklamaları ve Twitter hesapları üzerinden sosyal medyadaki paylaşımlarından ve ikincil literatürden yararlanılmaktadır. Türkiye’nin AB üyeliğine iç içe geçen göç, İslam, Avrupa şüpheciliği ve egemenlik temaları üzerinden karşı çıkılarak Fransa ve Avrupa kimliğine bir tehdit olarak tasvir edildiği görülmektedir.

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Reconsidering the Future of Türkiye-European Union Relations: The Rise of Populist Radical Right in France and Its Position on Türkiye’s European Union Membership

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı, 201 - 220, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1349127

Öz

Türkiye's desire to take part in the European Union (EU) institutions since the beginning of European integration is related to its purpose of being defined as a European state. Although Türkiye started negotiations for full membership in 2005, Türkiye’s Europeanness continues to be discussed. France is an EU member where these discussions are intensely debated. Populist radical right is on the rise in France, who has a significant role in Türkiye’s EU membership process. This article aims to analyse how Türkiye’s EU membership is portrayed by the populist radical right in France, as a determinant for Türkiye’s future in or outside the EU. This study analyses Marine Le Pen’s (2011-2022) discourses and position of Türkiye’s EU membership, as the party leader of the National Front/National Rally which has established itself as an important actor due to its recent electoral success, within the framework of populism and foreign policy. The study benefits from party programmes, election manifestos, press releases and Twitter posts of the party and the leader as primary sources, and secondary literature. The study finds that Türkiye’s EU membership is opposed on the grounds of overlapping themes of migration, Islam, Euroscepticism and sovereignty, portrayed as a threat to French and European identity.

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  • Le Pen, M [@ML_officiel]. (2018b, 25 Haziran). "Nous versons beaucoup d'argent à la #Turquie. L'Union européenne lui a déjà versé 3 milliards, et envisage de lui verser à nouveau 3 milliards... Je me pose la question des conditions de ces versements !" #8h30Politique. Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/MLP_officiel/status/1011144437853032449
  • Le Pen, M [@ML_officiel]. (2020, 4 Mart). L'Europe vit une tentative d'invasion. Lorsqu'un pays masse des milliers d'hommes à une frontière et leur commande d'y entrer en force, cela porte un nom : une invasion. #Migrants Face à l'invasion migratoire voulue par la #Turquie d'#Erdogan, contrôlons nos frontières !. Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/MLP_officiel/status/1235162723576668163?t=mABRn1WKfEevFjZlpwTInw&s=08
  • Le Pen, M [@ML_officiel]. (2021a, 23 Aralık). Quand J. Chirac refusait de reconnaître les racines chrétiennes de l’Europe et soutenait l’entrée de la Turquie, V. Pécresse ne trouvait rien à redire. Espérons que cette conversion à la défense de notre identité ne se volatilise pas quand il faudra me soutenir face à E. Macron. Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/MLP_officiel/status/1473974045800607747?t=4ir3yBZ1Nu7vLVT4EUJgEA&s=08
  • Le Pen, M [@ML_officiel]. (2021b, 21 Nisan). Preuve supplémentaire que la complaisance à l'égard de la #Turquie est une faute morale et politique, et que son intégration dans l’Union européenne serait une faute civilisationnelle et culturelle. Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/MLP_officiel/status/1384819167782744064?t=kiozZIxsCogsNgAZdKtb1w&s=08
  • Le Pen, M. (2016a). France’s next revolution? A conversation with Marine Le Pen. Foreign Affairs, 95(6), 2-6. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43948375
  • Le Pen, M. (2017a). 144 engagements présidentiels: Election présidentielle – 23 Avril et 7 Mai 2017. Rassemblement National. Erişim adresi: , https://www.rassemblementnational.fr/pdf/144-engagements.pdf
  • Le Pen, M. (2017b). Conférence présidentielle : politique internationale de la France dans un monde multipolaire. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2qm0nybjIY
  • Le Pen, M. (2022). M La France – Mon project présidentiel. Erişim adresi: https://mlafrance.fr/pdfs/manifeste- m-la-france-programme-presidentiel.pdf
  • Lecha, E.S., Tekin, F. ve Sökmen, M.J. (2018). It takes two to tango: Political changes in Europe and their impact on Turkey’s EU bid. FEUTURE, (17). Erişim adresi: https://www.cidob.org/en/publications/publication_series/project_papers/feuture/it_takes_two_to_tang o_political_changes_in_europe_and_their_impact_on_turkey_s_eu_bid
  • Liang, C.S. (2007). Europe for the Europeans: The foreign and security policy of the populist radical right. İçinde C.S. Liang (Edt.), Europe for the Europeans: The foreign and security policy of the populist radical right (ss. 1- 32). İngiltere: Ashgate.
  • Libération, (2017, 28 Nisan). Au menu des intox FN du jour: Jaurès, la Turquies, les affairs. Erişim adresi: https://www.liberation.fr/desintox/2017/04/28/au-menu-des-intox-fn-du-jour-jaures-la-turquie-les- affaires_1566102/
  • Macmillan, C. (2010). Privileged partnership, open ended accession negotiations and the securitisation of Turkey’s EU accession process. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 18(4), 447-462. doi: 10.1080/14782804.2010.535698
  • Mair, P. (2013). Ruling the vo.d: The hollowing of Western democracy. Londra: Verso.
  • Manow, P., Schäfer, A. ve Zorn, H. (2008). Europe’s party-political centre of gravity, 1957–2003. Journal of European Public Policy, 15(1), 20–39. doi: 10.1080/13501760701702140
  • Ministère de l'Intérieur et des Outre-mer. (t.y.). Les résultats. Erişim adresi: https://mobile.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats
  • Moffitt, B. ve Tormey, S. (2014). Rethinking populism: Politics, mediatisation and political style. Political Studies, 62(2), 381–397. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12032
  • Morozov, V. ve Rumelili, B. (2012). The external constitution of European identity: Russia and Turkey as Europe- makers. Cooperation and Conflict, 47(1), 28-48. doi: 10.1177/0010836711433124
  • Mouffe, C. (2018). Sol populizm (Çev: Aybars Yanık). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563. doi: 10.1111/j.1477- 7053.2004.00135.x
  • Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge.: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (Edt.) (2017). The populist radical right: A reader. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Müftüler Baç, M. (2001). Türkiye ve AB: Soğuk Savaş sonrası ilişkiler. İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2016). Turkey’s ambivalent relationship with the European Union: To accede or not to accede. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13(52), 89-103. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article- file/540900
  • Müftüler-Baç, M. (2018). Remolding the Turkey-EU relationship. Turksih Policy Quarterly, 17(1), 119-128. Erişim adresi: https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/35406/1/muftulerbac2018TPQ.pdf
  • News. (2017, 19 Nisan). Marine Le Pen: We are always against Turkey’s EU accession. Erişim adresi: https://news.am/eng/news/385409.html
  • Nicolaidis, K. (t.y.). Turkey is European ... for Europe’s sake. Erişim adresi: http://turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2003-04-EUforeignpolicy/TPQ2003-4-nicolaides.pdf
  • NTV. (2017, 24 Şubat). Le Pen: Türkiye ile tam üyelik müzakeleri hata. Erişim adresi: https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/le-pen-turkiye-ile-tam-uyelik-muzakereleri-hata,c1gB1fZ1aUyHvi6U63uNsQ
  • Ostermann, F. ve Stahl, B. (2022). Theorizing populist radical-right foreign policy: Ideology and party positioning in France and Germany. Foreign Policy Analysis, 1-22. doi: 10.1093/fpa/orac006
  • Öniş, Z. (2008). Turkey-EU relations: Beyond the current stalemate. Insight Turkey, 10(4), 35-50. Erişim adresi: www.jstor.org/stable/26330810
  • Özgöker, U. ve Musaoğlu, N. (2013). Avrupa Kimliği Kurgusu. Edirne: Paradigma Akademi.
  • Penez, A. (2006). Avrupa Birliği sürecinde Türkiye Fransa ilişkileri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Ensitüsü, İzmir.
  • Rassemblement National [@RNational_off]. (2017, 18 Nisan). .@nicolasbayfn : "La #Turquie, ni par son histoire, ni par sa culture, ni par sa géographie, n'est européenne." #PolMat. Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/RNational_off/status/854232154326413312?t=R3YqWBjxua4ucJxMHFLkvA&s=08
  • Rassemblement National [@RNational_off]. (2018a, 11 Temmuz). .@J_Bardella: "L'OTAN sous sa forme actuelle n'a plus de légitimité, la guerre froide est finie. On doit associer la Russie à une organisation qui aurait pour priorité la lutte contre le terrorisme islamiste." Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/RNational_off/status/1017116941536907266
  • Rassemblement National [@RNational_off]. (2018b, 10 Mart). .@Stephane_Ravier: « L’histoire c'est avant tout la géographie. Vous aurez beau tourner la carte dans tous les sens : la Turquie restera toujours en dehors de l'Europe !" #CongrèsFN2018. Twitter. Erişim adresi:
  • Rassemblement National [@RNational_off]. (2018c, 9 Kasım). Turquie dans l'UE, hausse des taxes, submersion migratoire, insultes aux dirigeants patriotes : le programme du candidat de #Wauquiez nous montre l'Europe que veulent les LR. Aux #Européennes209, le choix de la France dans une Europe des Nations, c'est le RN ! #OnArrive Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/RNational_off/status/1060938508074958849
  • Rassemblement National [@RNational_off]. (2019b, 17 Mayıs). Négation de notre identité, complaisance envers la submersion migratoire de notre pays, adhésion de la Turquie à l'UE : voilà la réalité des personnalités qui composent la liste LREM aux #européennes2019 ! Le 26 mai, avec @J_Bardella, faisons leur barrage !! #OnArrive. Twitter. Erişim adresi:
  • Rassemblement National [@RNational_off]. (2020, 13 Temmuz). @sebchenu: « La transformation de la basilique Sainte-Sophie en mosquée est une nouvelle provocation insupportable d'Erdogan, qui souhaite l'islamisation de l'Europe. J'aimerais entendre l'Union européenne : va-t-elle enfin se faire respecter ? » #Turquie #ClassiqueMatin. Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/RNational_off/status/1282614500185780225?t=WMCks3miWrDTRJFTAcJDCQ&s=08
  • Rassemblement National [@RNational_off]. (2022, 26 Temmuz). "Le monstre technocratique européen ne fonctionne déjà pas à 27, comment pourrait-il fonctionner à 29 ? Chaque élargissement est un affaiblissement !" @LJacobelli interroge le gouvernement sur l'adhésion à l'UE de l'#Albanie et de la #MacédoineDuNord #DirectAN #QAG. Twitter. Erişim adresi: https://twitter.com/RNational_off/status/1551927522283212800
  • Rassemblement National. (2019a). Projet - élections Européennes 2019. Erişim adresi: https://www.youscribe.com/BookReader/Index/3052499/?documentId=3452650
  • République Français. (1992a). Déclaration de M. François Mitterrand, président de la République, sur la contribution de la Turquie à l'effort de consolidation de la démocratie et de la paix, sur son adhésion à l'Europe et sur la coopération bilatérale entre les deux pays, Palais de Cankaya le 13 avril 1992. Erişim adresi: https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/127311-francois-mitterrand-13041992-sur-turquie-europe-relation- bilterale
  • République Français. (1992b). Conférence de presse conjointe de MM. François Mitterrand, Président de la République, et Turgut Ozal, Président de Turquie sur les relations franco-turques, l'élargissement de la CEE et le problème des minorités kurde, macédonienne et chypriote, à Istanbul le 14 avril 1992. Erişim adresi: https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/127333-conference-de-presse-conjointe-de-mm-francois- mitterrand-president-de
  • République Français. (2004). Déclaration de M. Jean-Marie Le Pen, président du Front National, sur son opposition à l'entrée de la Turquie au sein de l'Union européenne, Strasbourg le 14 décembre 2004. Erişim adresi: https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/145958-declaration-de-m-jean-marie-le-pen-president-du- front-national-sur-so
  • République Français. (2005). Conférence de presse conjointe de MM. Jacques Chirac, Président de la République, et de M. Silvio Berlusconi, Président du Conseil des ministres de la République italienne, sur les relations franco-italiennes, la situation au Moyen-Orient, l'avenir de la construction européenne et la perspective de l' adhésion de la Turquie à l'Union européenne, à Paris le 4 octobre 2005. Erişim adresi: https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/149180-conference-de-presse-conjointe-de-mm-jacques-chirac- president-de-la-re
  • République Français. (2012). Programme de Mme Marine Le Pen, candidate du Front national à l'élection présidentielle de 2012, intitulé : "Mon projet, pour la France et les Français", le 14 janvier 2012. Erişim adresi: https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/184668-programme-de-mme-marine-le-pen-candidate-du-front- national-lelection
  • Reuters. (2020, 10 Eylül). La Turquie n’est plus un partenaire en Méditerrané” orientale, dit Macron. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/france-turquie-macron-idFRKBN2611JJ
  • Rizakis, M. (2023). Battling to dominate the discursive terrain: how Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron have framed terrorist incidents on Twitter. French Politics, (23), 47-80. doi: 10.1057/s41253-023-00205-4
  • Russian Today. (2016, 13 Nisan). Merkel Agreement with Turkish President Erdogan ‘Real Treason’ – Marine Le Pen. Erişim adresi: https://www.rt.com/news/339477-erdogan-treason-le-pen/
  • Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism, Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95-110. Doi: 10.1080/13569310701822289
  • Stockemer, D. ve Barisione, M. (2017). The ‘new’ discourse of the Front National under Marine Le Pen: A slight change with a big impact. European Journal of Communication, 32(2), 100-115. doi: 10.1177/0267323116680132
  • T24. (2017, 11 Nisan). Fransa’da adaylar Türkiye’yi istemiyor. Erişim adresi: https://t24.com.tr/haber/fransada- adaylar-turkiyeyi-istemiyor,398517
  • Taggart, P. (2000). Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Taggart, P. (2017). Populism in Western Europe. İçinde C.R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. Ochoa Espejo ve P. Ostiguy (Edt.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (ss. 248-263). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tekin, B.Ç. (2010). Representations and othering in discourse: The construction of Turkey in the EU context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Turhan, E. (2016). Turkey’s EU accession process: Do member states matter?. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24(4), 463-477. doi:10.1080/14782804.2016.1198
  • Üstün, Ç. (2020). Türkiye’nin Batılı müttefikleri ile inişli çıkışlı ilişkileri ve siyasi söylem: Tarihsel bir karşılaştırma. İçinde B. Balamir Coşkun ve İ. Rüma (Edt.), Dış politika analizi: konu, kuram, yöntem (ss. 147-169). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Verbeek, B. ve Zaslove, A. (2015). The impact of populist radical right parties on foreign policy: The Northern League as a junior coalition partner in the Berlusconi Governments. European Political Science Review, 7(4), 525-546. doi:10.1017/S1755773914000319
  • Verbeek, B. ve Zaslove, A. (2017). Populism and foreign policy. İçinde C. R. Kaltwasser, P. A. Taggart, P. O. Espejo ve P. Ostiguy (Edt.), Oxford Handbook of Populism (ss. 384-405). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Vucheva, E. (2008, 24 Haziran). French senators reject Turkish referendum clause. Euobserver. Erişim adresi: https://euobserver.com/eu-political/26381
  • Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1–22. doi: 10.2307/422412
  • Wojczewski, T. (2020). ‘Enemies of the people’: Populism and the politics of (in)security. European Journal of International Security, 5, 5-24. doi: 10.1017/eis.2019.23
  • Zürn, M. (2004). Global Governance and Legitimacy Problems. Government and Opposition, 39(2), 260–287. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00123.x
Toplam 121 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Avrupa Birliği-Türkiye İlişkileri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fulya Akgül Durakçay 0000-0003-0200-7911

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Akgül Durakçay, F. (2023). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 201-220. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1349127
AMA Akgül Durakçay F. Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı. MJSS. Ekim 2023;12(Özel Sayı):201-220. doi:10.33206/mjss.1349127
Chicago Akgül Durakçay, Fulya. “Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ Ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12, sy. Özel Sayı (Ekim 2023): 201-20. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1349127.
EndNote Akgül Durakçay F (01 Ekim 2023) Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12 Özel Sayı 201–220.
IEEE F. Akgül Durakçay, “Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı”, MJSS, c. 12, sy. Özel Sayı, ss. 201–220, 2023, doi: 10.33206/mjss.1349127.
ISNAD Akgül Durakçay, Fulya. “Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ Ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12/Özel Sayı (Ekim 2023), 201-220. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1349127.
JAMA Akgül Durakçay F. Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı. MJSS. 2023;12:201–220.
MLA Akgül Durakçay, Fulya. “Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ Ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 12, sy. Özel Sayı, 2023, ss. 201-20, doi:10.33206/mjss.1349127.
Vancouver Akgül Durakçay F. Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Geleceğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Fransa’da Yükselen Popülist Radikal Sağ ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine Bakışı. MJSS. 2023;12(Özel Sayı):201-20.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies (MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)     


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