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Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters ve Tevrat Eleştirisi

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 56, 233 - 258, 31.12.2021

Muhammed Ali Bağır

https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.897177

Öz

Asırlarca Tevrat’ın Musa tarafından yazılan vahiy mahsulü bir eser olduğuna inanıldı. Geleneksel Yahudiliğin günümüzde de devam ettirdiği bu inanç Batı dünyasında yapılan eleştirel çalışmalarla sorgulanmaya başlandı. Bu araştırmalarda, Tevrat’ın değişik zamanlarda yaşayan farklı isimler tarafından kaleme alınan bir eser olduğu ortaya konuldu. Bu eleştirel araştırmaların zirve noktasını Julius Wellhausen tarafından son şekli verilen ve Tevrat’ın dört farklı kaynaktan oluştuğunu ileri süren Dört Kaynak Hipotezi oluşturur. Çoğunlukla kabul gören bu görüşe, 1970’lerden itibaren yapılan bazı çalışmalarla ciddi anlamda itiraz edildi. Bu makalenin konusu, Dört Kaynak Hipotezi’ne büyük ölçüde karşı çıkan ve Tevrat’ın üç temel kaynaktan oluştuğunu ileri süren Kanadalı araştırmacı John Van Seters’in (d. 1935) Tevrat eleştirisidir. Van Seters’in en dikkat çekici iddiası, Tevrat’ın kaynaklarından Yahvist metnin milattan önce altıncı yüzyılda Babil Sürgünü’nde yaşamış bir tarihçi yazar tarafından başta Tesniye olmak üzere Tesniyeci Tarih, peygamber kitapları ve Antik Yakın Doğu anlatıları dikkate alınarak yazıldığıdır. Çalışmada, Van Seters’in bu iddiası üzerinde durulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinler Tarihi Yahudilik Tevrat Dört Kaynak Hipotezi John Van Seters Yahvist Kaynak

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, Bill T. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch. ed. T. Desmond Alexander & David W. Baker. Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2003.
  • Ausloos, Hans. The Deuteronomist’s History: The Role of The Deuteronomist in Historical-Critical Research into Genesis-Numbers. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
  • Baden, Joel S. J, E, and the Redaction of the Pentateuch. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009.
  • Bağır, Muhammed Ali. “Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi: Eski Ahit Örneği ve Modern Dönem Öncüleri”. Harran Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 31 (Ocak-Haziran 2014), 279-310.
  • Campbell, Antony F. & O'Brien, Mark A. Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993.
  • Carr, David M. ”Changes in Pentateuchal Criticism”. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament The History of Its Interpretation. ed. Magne Sæbø. Volume III Part 2, 431-466. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2015.
  • D. Biggs, Robert. “Akkadian Didactic and Wisdom Literature”. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. ed. James B. Pritchard. 592-607. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
  • Davidson, Israel. Saadia’s Polemic Against Ḥiwi al-Balkhi A Fragment Edited From A Genizah Ms. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1915.
  • Emerton, John A. “Some Problems in Genesis xiv”. Studies on the Language and Literature of the Bible: Selected Works of J.A. Emerton. ed. Graham Davies ve Robert Gordon. 509-536. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
  • Emerton, John A. “The Date of The Yahwist”. In Search of Pre-exilic Israel. ed. John Day. 107-129. London: T&T Clark International, 2004.
  • Friedman, Richard Elliott. Kitabı Mukaddes'i Kim Yazdı?. çev. Muhammet Tarakçı. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. Metin, Muhteva ve Kaynak Açısından Yahudi Kutsal Kitapları. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, İlahiyat Fakültesi, Doçentlik Tezi, 1988.
  • Heidel, Alexander. Enûma Eliş Babil Yaratılış Destanı. çev. İsmet Birkan. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları, 2000.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes Eski ve Yeni Ahit. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi Acar Matbaacılık A. Ş., 2000.
  • Konyar, Erkan. “Babil’in Asma Bahçeleri”. Toplumsal Tarih 96 (Aralık 2001), 46-53.
  • Kuzgun, Şaban. Dört İncil: Yazılması, Derlenmesi, Muhtevası. Ankara: Ertem Matbaa Ltd. Şti., 1996.
  • Levin, Christoph. “The Yahwist: The Earliest Editor in the Pentateuch”. Journal of Biblical Literature 126/2 (Summer, 2007), 209-230.
  • Levin, Christoph. Re-Reading the Scriptures Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.
  • Levinson, Bernard M. “Is the Covenant Code an Exilic Composition? A Response to John Van Seters”. In Search of Pre-exilic Israel. ed. John Day. 272-325. London: T&T Clark International, 2004.
  • M. Wright, Richard. Linguistic Evidence for the Pre-exilic Date of the Yahwistic Source. London: T&T Clark International, 2005.
  • McCormick, Clifford Mark. “Bibliography of John Van Seters”. Rethinking the Foundations Historiography in the Ancient World and in the Bible Essays in Honour of John Van Seters, ed. Steven L. McKenzie ve Thomas Römer. 281-286. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2000.
  • McKenzie, Steven L. “Preface”. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. ed. Steven L. McKenzie ve M. Patrick Graham. VII-IX. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.
  • Meral, Yasin. “İbn Meymun’a Göre Yahudilik’te İman Esasları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 52/2 (2011), 243-266.
  • Morrow, Jeffrey L. Three Skeptics and the Bible La Peyrère, Hobbes, Spinoza, and the Reception of Modern Biblical Criticism. Oregon: Pickwick Publications, 2016.
  • Nicholson, Ernest. The Pentateuch in The Twentieth Century: The Legacy of Julius Wellhausen. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
  • Pekşen, Okay. “Eski Mezopotamya'daki Savaşlarda Tanrıların Rolü”. History Studies International Journal of History 8/2 (2016), 55-68.
  • Redford, Donald B. A Study of the Biblical Story of Joseph. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970.
  • Reiner, Erica. “Akkadian Treaties from Syria and Assyria”. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. ed. James B. Pritchard. 531-541. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
  • Tora: Türkçe çeviri ve açıklamalarıyla Tora ve Aftara: Devarim. çev. Moşe Farsi. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın Yayın A.Ş., 2009.
  • V. Winnett, Frederick. “Re-Examining the Foundations”. Journal of Biblical Literature 84/1 (March 1965), 1-19.
  • Van Seters, John. “Author or Redaktor?”. The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 7 (2007), 1-22.
  • Van Seters, John. “Dating the Yahwist's History: Principles and Perspectives”. Biblica 96/1 (2015), 1-25.
  • Van Seters, John. “In the Babylonian Exile with J”. The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times. ed. B. Becking ve Marjo C. A. Korpel. 71-89. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
  • Van Seters, John. “Joshua's Campaign of Canaan and Near Eastern Historiography”. Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 4/2 (1990), 1-12.
  • Van Seters, John. “The Creation of Man and The Creation of the King”. Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 101/3 (1989), 333-342.
  • Van Seters, John. “The Pentateuch”. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues, ed. Steven L. McKenzie ve M. Patrick Graham. 3-49. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.
  • Van Seters, John. “The Plagues of Egypt: Ancient Tradition or Literary Invention?”. Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 98/1 (1986), 31-39.
  • Van Seters, John. “The Redactor in Biblical Studies: A Nineteenth Century Anachronism”. Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 29/1 (2003), 1-19.
  • Van Seters, John. A Law Book for the Diaspora: Revision in the Study of the Covenant Code. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Van Seters, John. Abraham in History and Tradition. USA: Echo Point Books & Media, 2014.
  • Van Seters, John. In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983.
  • Van Seters, John. My Life and Career as a Biblical Scholar. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2018.
  • Van Seters, John. Prologue to History: The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1992.
  • Van Seters, John. The Edited Bible: The Curious History of the “Editor” in Biblical Criticism. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2006.
  • Van Seters, John. The Life of Moses: The Yahwist as Historian in Exodus-Numbers. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1994.
  • Van Seters, John. The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
  • Van Seters, John. The Yahwist A Historian of Israelite Origins. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2013.
  • Viviano, Pauline A. “Source Criticism”. To Each Its Own Meaning, Revised and Expanded: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Application. ed. Steven L. McKenzei & Stephen R. Haynes. 35-57. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999.
  • Wenham, Gordon. “Pentateuchal Studies Today”, Themelios 22/1 (October 1996), 3-13.
  • Yetim, Merve. Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi -Julius Wellhausen Örnekliğinde-. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2019.
  • Yıkar, Ömer Faruk. Kutsal Kitap Araştırmalarında Kaynaklar Teorisi ve Tesniye (D) Kaynağı. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2017.

As an Opponent of Four Sources Hypothesis John Van Seters and his Pentateuch Criticism

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 56, 233 - 258, 31.12.2021

Muhammed Ali Bağır

https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.897177

Öz

For centuries, the Pentateuch has been believed to be a revelational work written by Moses. This belief, which traditional Judaism holds even today, has begun to be questioned by critical studies in the Western world. In these researches, it was revealed that the Pentateuch is a work written by different people who lived in different times. The peak of these critical researches is The Four Source Hypothesis, which was finalized by Julius Wellhausen. He claimed that the Pentateuch consists of four different sources. This widely accepted view has been seriously challenged by some studies since the 1970s. The subject of this article is the Pentateuch criticism of the Canadian researcher John Van Seters (b. 1935), who opposed the Four Source Hypothesis and suggested that the Pentateuch consists of three basic sources. His most striking claim is that the Yahwist source -one of the sources of the Pentateuch- was written by a historian writer who lived in the Babylonian Exile in the sixth century B.C., taking into account of Deuteronomy, Deuteronomistic History, prophetic books and Ancient Near Eastern narratives. Van Seters’s most striking claim will be emphasized in this study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of Religions Judaism Pentateuch Four Source Hypothesis John Van Seters Yahwist Source

Kaynakça

  • Arnold, Bill T. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch. ed. T. Desmond Alexander & David W. Baker. Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2003.
  • Ausloos, Hans. The Deuteronomist’s History: The Role of The Deuteronomist in Historical-Critical Research into Genesis-Numbers. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
  • Baden, Joel S. J, E, and the Redaction of the Pentateuch. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009.
  • Bağır, Muhammed Ali. “Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi: Eski Ahit Örneği ve Modern Dönem Öncüleri”. Harran Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 31 (Ocak-Haziran 2014), 279-310.
  • Campbell, Antony F. & O'Brien, Mark A. Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993.
  • Carr, David M. ”Changes in Pentateuchal Criticism”. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament The History of Its Interpretation. ed. Magne Sæbø. Volume III Part 2, 431-466. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2015.
  • D. Biggs, Robert. “Akkadian Didactic and Wisdom Literature”. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. ed. James B. Pritchard. 592-607. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
  • Davidson, Israel. Saadia’s Polemic Against Ḥiwi al-Balkhi A Fragment Edited From A Genizah Ms. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1915.
  • Emerton, John A. “Some Problems in Genesis xiv”. Studies on the Language and Literature of the Bible: Selected Works of J.A. Emerton. ed. Graham Davies ve Robert Gordon. 509-536. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
  • Emerton, John A. “The Date of The Yahwist”. In Search of Pre-exilic Israel. ed. John Day. 107-129. London: T&T Clark International, 2004.
  • Friedman, Richard Elliott. Kitabı Mukaddes'i Kim Yazdı?. çev. Muhammet Tarakçı. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. Metin, Muhteva ve Kaynak Açısından Yahudi Kutsal Kitapları. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, İlahiyat Fakültesi, Doçentlik Tezi, 1988.
  • Heidel, Alexander. Enûma Eliş Babil Yaratılış Destanı. çev. İsmet Birkan. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları, 2000.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes Eski ve Yeni Ahit. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi Acar Matbaacılık A. Ş., 2000.
  • Konyar, Erkan. “Babil’in Asma Bahçeleri”. Toplumsal Tarih 96 (Aralık 2001), 46-53.
  • Kuzgun, Şaban. Dört İncil: Yazılması, Derlenmesi, Muhtevası. Ankara: Ertem Matbaa Ltd. Şti., 1996.
  • Levin, Christoph. “The Yahwist: The Earliest Editor in the Pentateuch”. Journal of Biblical Literature 126/2 (Summer, 2007), 209-230.
  • Levin, Christoph. Re-Reading the Scriptures Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.
  • Levinson, Bernard M. “Is the Covenant Code an Exilic Composition? A Response to John Van Seters”. In Search of Pre-exilic Israel. ed. John Day. 272-325. London: T&T Clark International, 2004.
  • M. Wright, Richard. Linguistic Evidence for the Pre-exilic Date of the Yahwistic Source. London: T&T Clark International, 2005.
  • McCormick, Clifford Mark. “Bibliography of John Van Seters”. Rethinking the Foundations Historiography in the Ancient World and in the Bible Essays in Honour of John Van Seters, ed. Steven L. McKenzie ve Thomas Römer. 281-286. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2000.
  • McKenzie, Steven L. “Preface”. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. ed. Steven L. McKenzie ve M. Patrick Graham. VII-IX. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.
  • Meral, Yasin. “İbn Meymun’a Göre Yahudilik’te İman Esasları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 52/2 (2011), 243-266.
  • Morrow, Jeffrey L. Three Skeptics and the Bible La Peyrère, Hobbes, Spinoza, and the Reception of Modern Biblical Criticism. Oregon: Pickwick Publications, 2016.
  • Nicholson, Ernest. The Pentateuch in The Twentieth Century: The Legacy of Julius Wellhausen. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
  • Pekşen, Okay. “Eski Mezopotamya'daki Savaşlarda Tanrıların Rolü”. History Studies International Journal of History 8/2 (2016), 55-68.
  • Redford, Donald B. A Study of the Biblical Story of Joseph. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970.
  • Reiner, Erica. “Akkadian Treaties from Syria and Assyria”. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. ed. James B. Pritchard. 531-541. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
  • Tora: Türkçe çeviri ve açıklamalarıyla Tora ve Aftara: Devarim. çev. Moşe Farsi. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın Yayın A.Ş., 2009.
  • V. Winnett, Frederick. “Re-Examining the Foundations”. Journal of Biblical Literature 84/1 (March 1965), 1-19.
  • Van Seters, John. “Author or Redaktor?”. The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 7 (2007), 1-22.
  • Van Seters, John. “Dating the Yahwist's History: Principles and Perspectives”. Biblica 96/1 (2015), 1-25.
  • Van Seters, John. “In the Babylonian Exile with J”. The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times. ed. B. Becking ve Marjo C. A. Korpel. 71-89. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
  • Van Seters, John. “Joshua's Campaign of Canaan and Near Eastern Historiography”. Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 4/2 (1990), 1-12.
  • Van Seters, John. “The Creation of Man and The Creation of the King”. Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 101/3 (1989), 333-342.
  • Van Seters, John. “The Pentateuch”. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues, ed. Steven L. McKenzie ve M. Patrick Graham. 3-49. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.
  • Van Seters, John. “The Plagues of Egypt: Ancient Tradition or Literary Invention?”. Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 98/1 (1986), 31-39.
  • Van Seters, John. “The Redactor in Biblical Studies: A Nineteenth Century Anachronism”. Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 29/1 (2003), 1-19.
  • Van Seters, John. A Law Book for the Diaspora: Revision in the Study of the Covenant Code. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Van Seters, John. Abraham in History and Tradition. USA: Echo Point Books & Media, 2014.
  • Van Seters, John. In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983.
  • Van Seters, John. My Life and Career as a Biblical Scholar. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2018.
  • Van Seters, John. Prologue to History: The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1992.
  • Van Seters, John. The Edited Bible: The Curious History of the “Editor” in Biblical Criticism. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2006.
  • Van Seters, John. The Life of Moses: The Yahwist as Historian in Exodus-Numbers. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1994.
  • Van Seters, John. The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
  • Van Seters, John. The Yahwist A Historian of Israelite Origins. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2013.
  • Viviano, Pauline A. “Source Criticism”. To Each Its Own Meaning, Revised and Expanded: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Application. ed. Steven L. McKenzei & Stephen R. Haynes. 35-57. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999.
  • Wenham, Gordon. “Pentateuchal Studies Today”, Themelios 22/1 (October 1996), 3-13.
  • Yetim, Merve. Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi -Julius Wellhausen Örnekliğinde-. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2019.
  • Yıkar, Ömer Faruk. Kutsal Kitap Araştırmalarında Kaynaklar Teorisi ve Tesniye (D) Kaynağı. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2017.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhammed Ali Bağır 0000-0002-9700-8417

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

APA Bağır, M. A. (2021). Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters ve Tevrat Eleştirisi. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi(56), 233-258. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.897177
AMA Bağır MA. Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters ve Tevrat Eleştirisi. ilted. Aralık 2021;(56):233-258. doi:10.29288/ilted.897177
Chicago Bağır, Muhammed Ali. “Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters Ve Tevrat Eleştirisi”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, sy. 56 (Aralık 2021): 233-58. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.897177.
EndNote Bağır MA (01 Aralık 2021) Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters ve Tevrat Eleştirisi. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 56 233–258.
IEEE M. A. Bağır, “Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters ve Tevrat Eleştirisi”, ilted, sy. 56, ss. 233–258, Aralık 2021, doi: 10.29288/ilted.897177.
ISNAD Bağır, Muhammed Ali. “Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters Ve Tevrat Eleştirisi”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 56 (Aralık 2021), 233-258. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.897177.
JAMA Bağır MA. Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters ve Tevrat Eleştirisi. ilted. 2021;:233–258.
MLA Bağır, Muhammed Ali. “Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters Ve Tevrat Eleştirisi”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, sy. 56, 2021, ss. 233-58, doi:10.29288/ilted.897177.
Vancouver Bağır MA. Dört Kaynak Hipotezi Karşıtı Olarak John Van Seters ve Tevrat Eleştirisi. ilted. 2021(56):233-58.
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