Öz
Bu makale, ABD liderliğindeki koalisyon kuvvetlerinin on yıldır devam eden etkili ve sürdürülebilir bir Afgan Ulusal Ordusu oluşturma çabalarını ve bu süreçte karşılaşılan en büyük sorun olan "kayıp ve firar"ın sebeplerini anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Askerlerin her yıl yaklaşık üçte birinin başta firar olmak üzere değişik nedenlerle ayrılması sonucunda tecrübeli ve sürdürülebilir bir ordu kurma hedefine ulaşılamamaktadır. Tarihsel kayıtlar benzer sorunun Sovyet dönemi Afgan Ordusunda ve 2003 sonrasında kurulan Irak Ordusu'nda da yaşandığını göstermektedir. Koalisyon kuvvetlerinin çekilmesine 15 ay gibi kısa bir süre kalmışken Afgan Ordusunun ülkede istikrarı sağlayabilme yeteneği konusundaki beklentiler "kayıp ve firar" oranlarının gölgesinde kalmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Afgan Ulusal Ordusu Kayıp Firar Personel Mevcudunun Korunması Sovyet Dönemi Afgan Ordusu Irak Ordusu.
Kaynakça
- Books
- COLLINS Joseph J., Understanding War in Afghanistan, National Defense University Press, Washington, 2011.
- CORDESMAN Anthony H. and DAVIES Emma R., Iraq’s Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict Volume 1, Praeger Security International, Westport, Connecticut, London, 2008.
- CORDESMAN Anthony H. and MAUSNER Adam, Iraqi Force Development: Conditions for Success, Consequences of Failure, CSIS, Washington, 2007.
- DAVIDS Christiaan and SOETERS Joseph, “Payday in the Afghan National Army: From Western Administrative Liabilities to Local Realities”, Giuseppe Caforio (ed.), Advances in Military Sociology: Essays in Honor of Charles C. Moskos, Emerald, Bingley, 2009.
- EDWARDS David B., Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1996.
- GAUB Florence, Rebuilding Armed Forces: Learning From Iraq And Lebanon, SSI ERAP Monograph, Pennsylvania, May 2011.
- JONES Seth G., Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2008.
- JALALI Ali Ahmad and GRAU Lester W., The Other Side Of The Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, 1998.
- The Military Balance 2013, IISS,113:1, London, 2013.
- OLIKER Olga, Building Afghanistan’s Security Forces in Wartime:
- The Soviet Experience, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2011. YOUNOSSI Obaid et.al., The Long March: Building an Afghan
- National Army, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2009. Papers
- A Force in Fragments: Reconstituting The Afghan National Army,
- International Crisis Group Asia Report No:190, 12 May 2010.
- Afghanistan in 2012: A Survey of the Afghan People, The Asia
- Foundation, Kabul, 2012.
- Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), Media Backgrounder,
- NATO, 26 October 2010.
- CORDESMAN Anthony H., Afghan National Security Forces And
- Security Lead Transition: The Assessment Process, Metrics, And
- Efforts To Build Capacity, Statement before the House Armed
- Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Center for
- Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), July 24, 2012.
- GIUSTOZZI, Antonio, “Auxiliary Force or National Army?
- Afghanistan’s ‘ANA’ and the Counter-Insurgency Effort, 2002-2006,
- Small Wars & Insurgencies, 18:1, 45-67, 2007.
- HESS Steve, “Coming to Terms with Neopatrimonialism: Soviet and
- American Natioan-Building Projects in Afghanistan”, Central Asian
- Survey, Vol. 29, No: 2, June 2010.
- JALALI, Ali A., “Rebuilding Afghanistan’s National Army”,
- Parameters, Autumn 2002.
- LIVINGSTON Ian S. and O’HANLON Michael, Afghanistan Index,
- Brookings Institution, 27 August 2013.
- KITFIELD James, “The Risks of Military Drawdowns”, National Journal, 7/28/2012.
- MARTEN Kimberly, “The Danger of Tribal militias in Afghanistan:
- Learning from the British Empire”, Journal of International Affairs,
- Vol.63, No: 1, Fall/Winter 2009,.
- MINDE George F., “Conserving the Force: Adapting GUARD
- Mobilization Policies for Homeland Defense to Enhance Retention”,
- School of Advanced Military Studies, US Army Command and
- General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2003.
- O’HANLON Michael E. and LIVINGSTON Ian, “Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Iraq”, Brookings Institution, July 2012. Reports
- BOWMAN Steve and DALE Catherine, War in Afghanistan: Strategy, Military Operations, and Issues for Congress, CRS Report for Congress, December 3, 2009.
- Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan and US Plan for Sustaining the Afghanistan National Security Forces, Report to Congress, April 2011.
- Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan, Report to Congress, December 2012.
- Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq, Report to Congress, March 2007.
- Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, July 30 2013. Internet
- GRAHAM-HARRISON Emma, Afghan forces suffering too many casualties, says top Nato commander, www.theguardian.com/world/ 2013/sep/02/afghan-forces (Access date: 27 September 2013)
- ISAF Factsheet on Current ANSF Status, 2012-10-CA-07, www.isaf.nato.int/article/isaf-releases/isaf-factsheet-on-current-ansf
- status.html (Access date: 21 August 2013)
- LAMER Wiebke and FOSTER Erin, Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation, NATO Allied Command Operation Civil-Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org /Documents/CFC%20AFG %20Social%20Well-being%20Archive/CFC_Afg_Monthly_Ethnic_
- Groups_Aug2011%20v1.pdf, Virginia, August 2011. (Access date: 27 September 2013)
- MCCHRYSTAL Stanley A., “Commander’s Initial Assessment”, Commander ISAF, Afghanistan, U.S. Forces, Afghanistan (Reference Secretary of Defence Memorandum, 26 June 2009, Annex G-1. http://osd.dtic.mil/pubs/foi/joint_staff/joint Staff_joint Operations/10- F-0025%20Initial%20United%20States%20Forces-Afghanistan%20
- (USFOR-A)%20 Assessment%2008-30-2009.pdf.
- Military Covenant, www.gov.uk/the-armed-forces-covenant. (Access
- date: 29 September 2013)
- NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan, www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations
- -supporting-docs/ntm-a.page (Access date: 27 September 2013) Iraqi
- (Access date: 14 July 2013)
- New Zealand Defence Force: Progress with the Defence Sustainability
- Initiative, Office of the Auditor-General, Wellington, September 2009.
- http://www.oag.govt.nz/2009/nz-defence-force/docs/nz-defence- force.pdf (Access date: 12 July 2013)
- http://shahamat-english.com/, Taliban website, Islamic Emirate of
- Afghanistan (Access date: 30 Sep 2013)
- http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2120(2
- 013) UN Security Council Resolution 2120 (2013), Adopted by the
- Security Council at its 7041st meeting, on 10 October 2013 (Access
- date: 19 October 2013)
Öz
Bu makale, ABD liderliğindeki koalisyon kuvvetlerinin on yıldır devam eden etkili ve sürdürülebilir bir Afgan Ulusal Ordusu oluşturma çabalarını ve bu süreçte karşılaşılan en büyük sorun olan "kayıp ve firar"ın sebeplerini anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Askerlerin her yıl yaklaşık üçte birinin başta firar olmak üzere değişik nedenlerle ayrılması sonucunda tecrübeli ve sürdürülebilir bir ordu kurma hedefine ulaşılamamaktadır. Tarihsel kayıtlar benzer sorunun Sovyet dönemi Afgan Ordusunda ve 2003 sonrasında kurulan Irak Ordusu'nda da yaşandığını göstermektedir. Koalisyon kuvvetlerinin çekilmesine 15 ay gibi kısa bir süre kalmışken Afgan Ordusunun ülkede istikrarı sağlayabilme yeteneği konusundaki beklentiler "kayıp ve firar" oranlarının gölgesinde kalmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Afgan Ulusal Ordusu Kayıp Firar Personel Mevcudunun Korunması Sovyet Dönemi Afgan Ordusu Irak Ordusu.
Kaynakça
- Books
- COLLINS Joseph J., Understanding War in Afghanistan, National Defense University Press, Washington, 2011.
- CORDESMAN Anthony H. and DAVIES Emma R., Iraq’s Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict Volume 1, Praeger Security International, Westport, Connecticut, London, 2008.
- CORDESMAN Anthony H. and MAUSNER Adam, Iraqi Force Development: Conditions for Success, Consequences of Failure, CSIS, Washington, 2007.
- DAVIDS Christiaan and SOETERS Joseph, “Payday in the Afghan National Army: From Western Administrative Liabilities to Local Realities”, Giuseppe Caforio (ed.), Advances in Military Sociology: Essays in Honor of Charles C. Moskos, Emerald, Bingley, 2009.
- EDWARDS David B., Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1996.
- GAUB Florence, Rebuilding Armed Forces: Learning From Iraq And Lebanon, SSI ERAP Monograph, Pennsylvania, May 2011.
- JONES Seth G., Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2008.
- JALALI Ali Ahmad and GRAU Lester W., The Other Side Of The Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, 1998.
- The Military Balance 2013, IISS,113:1, London, 2013.
- OLIKER Olga, Building Afghanistan’s Security Forces in Wartime:
- The Soviet Experience, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2011. YOUNOSSI Obaid et.al., The Long March: Building an Afghan
- National Army, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2009. Papers
- A Force in Fragments: Reconstituting The Afghan National Army,
- International Crisis Group Asia Report No:190, 12 May 2010.
- Afghanistan in 2012: A Survey of the Afghan People, The Asia
- Foundation, Kabul, 2012.
- Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), Media Backgrounder,
- NATO, 26 October 2010.
- CORDESMAN Anthony H., Afghan National Security Forces And
- Security Lead Transition: The Assessment Process, Metrics, And
- Efforts To Build Capacity, Statement before the House Armed
- Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Center for
- Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), July 24, 2012.
- GIUSTOZZI, Antonio, “Auxiliary Force or National Army?
- Afghanistan’s ‘ANA’ and the Counter-Insurgency Effort, 2002-2006,
- Small Wars & Insurgencies, 18:1, 45-67, 2007.
- HESS Steve, “Coming to Terms with Neopatrimonialism: Soviet and
- American Natioan-Building Projects in Afghanistan”, Central Asian
- Survey, Vol. 29, No: 2, June 2010.
- JALALI, Ali A., “Rebuilding Afghanistan’s National Army”,
- Parameters, Autumn 2002.
- LIVINGSTON Ian S. and O’HANLON Michael, Afghanistan Index,
- Brookings Institution, 27 August 2013.
- KITFIELD James, “The Risks of Military Drawdowns”, National Journal, 7/28/2012.
- MARTEN Kimberly, “The Danger of Tribal militias in Afghanistan:
- Learning from the British Empire”, Journal of International Affairs,
- Vol.63, No: 1, Fall/Winter 2009,.
- MINDE George F., “Conserving the Force: Adapting GUARD
- Mobilization Policies for Homeland Defense to Enhance Retention”,
- School of Advanced Military Studies, US Army Command and
- General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2003.
- O’HANLON Michael E. and LIVINGSTON Ian, “Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Iraq”, Brookings Institution, July 2012. Reports
- BOWMAN Steve and DALE Catherine, War in Afghanistan: Strategy, Military Operations, and Issues for Congress, CRS Report for Congress, December 3, 2009.
- Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan and US Plan for Sustaining the Afghanistan National Security Forces, Report to Congress, April 2011.
- Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan, Report to Congress, December 2012.
- Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq, Report to Congress, March 2007.
- Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, July 30 2013. Internet
- GRAHAM-HARRISON Emma, Afghan forces suffering too many casualties, says top Nato commander, www.theguardian.com/world/ 2013/sep/02/afghan-forces (Access date: 27 September 2013)
- ISAF Factsheet on Current ANSF Status, 2012-10-CA-07, www.isaf.nato.int/article/isaf-releases/isaf-factsheet-on-current-ansf
- status.html (Access date: 21 August 2013)
- LAMER Wiebke and FOSTER Erin, Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation, NATO Allied Command Operation Civil-Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org /Documents/CFC%20AFG %20Social%20Well-being%20Archive/CFC_Afg_Monthly_Ethnic_
- Groups_Aug2011%20v1.pdf, Virginia, August 2011. (Access date: 27 September 2013)
- MCCHRYSTAL Stanley A., “Commander’s Initial Assessment”, Commander ISAF, Afghanistan, U.S. Forces, Afghanistan (Reference Secretary of Defence Memorandum, 26 June 2009, Annex G-1. http://osd.dtic.mil/pubs/foi/joint_staff/joint Staff_joint Operations/10- F-0025%20Initial%20United%20States%20Forces-Afghanistan%20
- (USFOR-A)%20 Assessment%2008-30-2009.pdf.
- Military Covenant, www.gov.uk/the-armed-forces-covenant. (Access
- date: 29 September 2013)
- NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan, www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations
- -supporting-docs/ntm-a.page (Access date: 27 September 2013) Iraqi
- (Access date: 14 July 2013)
- New Zealand Defence Force: Progress with the Defence Sustainability
- Initiative, Office of the Auditor-General, Wellington, September 2009.
- http://www.oag.govt.nz/2009/nz-defence-force/docs/nz-defence- force.pdf (Access date: 12 July 2013)
- http://shahamat-english.com/, Taliban website, Islamic Emirate of
- Afghanistan (Access date: 30 Sep 2013)
- http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2120(2
- 013) UN Security Council Resolution 2120 (2013), Adopted by the
- Security Council at its 7041st meeting, on 10 October 2013 (Access
- date: 19 October 2013)
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ağustos 2014 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Şubat 2015 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 19 |
