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Statistical Analysis of Disasters in the World (1900-2022)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 172 - 186, 01.02.2023

Öz

Disasters are situations that cannot be predicted when and where they will occur due to their nature, especially when the defense mechanisms of the society fail. It is stated that the frequency of disasters has increased with climate change globally, at least one disaster is experienced every day on average and many people are affected by these disasters. In this study carried out; It is aimed to examine the distribution of disasters that occurred in the world between 1900-2022 according to years, continents, countries and types of disasters, evaluate the situations that cause the frequency of disasters (Temporary-Continental, Territorial) and present scientific solutions in line with these data. In the study, it has been observed that the frequency of disasters has increased especially since the beginning of the 2000s, and it was ensured that one of the reasons for this situation was associated with the negative consequences of climate change with the support of the literature. It has been determined that natural disasters are experienced more in terms of basic disaster groups. It has been determined that disasters are mostly experienced in the Asian continent, followed by the Americas and African Continents. As a result; It is thought that combating the negative consequences of climate change, carrying out educational activities that will turn into behaviors in preparing for disasters, planning by considering disaster types and spatial situation, and ensuring social cohesion in preparing for disasters may be effective in reducing the frequency of future disasters on the basis of years, continents and countries.

Kaynakça

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  • AFAD (2020). Afet ve Acil Durum Başkanlığı. 30 Ekim 2020 Ege Denizi, Seferihisar (İzmir) Açıkları (17,26 Km) Mw 6.6 Depremine İlişkin Ön Değerlendirme Raporu. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/downloadDocument?id=2064 adresinden erişildi.
  • AFAD (t.y.). Afet ve Acil Durum Başkanlığı. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/tarihteBuAy?id adresinden erişildi.
  • Aitken, P. ve Leggat, P. (2012). Considerations in mass casualty and disaster management. Emergency medicine: an international perspective, 145-182. https://doi.org/10.5772/37361
  • Avila, L. A., S. R. Stewart, R. ve Hagen A.B. (2020). Natıonal Hurrıcane Center Tropıcal Cyclone Report Hurrıcane Dorıan (Al052019). 04 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL052019_Dorian.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Banholzer, S., Kossin, J. ve Donner, S. (2014). The impact of climate change on natural disasters. In Reducing disaster: Early warning systems for climate change (ss. 21-49). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8598-3_2
  • Barberi, F., Martini, M. ve Rosi, M. (1990). Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia): pre-eruption observations and the November 13, 1985, catastrophic event. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 42(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(90)90066-O
  • Bruneau, M. (1995). Performance of masonry structures during the 1994 Northridge (Los Angeles) earthquake. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(2), 378-402. https://doi.org/10.1139/l95-048
  • Brunkard, J., Namulanda, G. ve Ratard, R. (2008). Hurricane katrina deaths, louisiana, 2005. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2(4), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1097/DMP.0b013e31818aaf55
  • Brunsma, D. ve Picou, J.S. (2008). Disasters in the Twenty-First Century: Modern Destruction and Future Instruction. Social Forces 87(2), 983-991. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0149. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0149
  • Bollettino, V., Alcayna-Stevens, T., Sharma, M., Dy, P., Pham, P. ve Vinck, P. (2020). Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines. Climate Risk Management, 30, 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100250
  • Cavallo, E. ve Noy, I. (2010). The Economics of Natural Disasters: A Survey (IDB Working Paper 124). Department of Research and Chief Economist, Inter-American Development Bank: Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1817217
  • Chrétien, S. ve Brousse, R. (1989). Events preceding the great eruption of 8 May 1902 at Mount Pelée, Martinique. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 38(1-2), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(89)90030-9
  • Coronese, M., Lamperti, F., Keller, K., Chiaromonte, F. ve Roventini, A. (2019). Evidence for sharp increase in the economic damages of extreme natural disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(43), 21450-21455. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907826116
  • Courtney, C. (2015). The Dragon King and the 1931 Wuhan Flood: Religious Rumors and Environmental Disasters in Republican China. Twentieth-Century China, 40(2), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2015.0018
  • CRED ve UNISDR. (2016). Poverty & Death: Disaster Mortality 1996-2015. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.unisdr.org/files/50589_creddisastermortalityallfinalpdf.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Crowley, T. J. (2000). Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science, 289(5477), 270-277. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.270
  • Desonie, D. (2008). Climate: Causes and effects of climate change. Infobase Publishing.
  • Douglass, M. (2016). The urban transition of disaster governance in Asia. In Disaster governance in urbanising Asia (ss. 13-43). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-649-2_2
  • Eriksson, A., Ohlsén, Y. K., Garfield, R. ve von Schreeb, J. (2015). Who is worst off? Developing a severity-scoring model of complex emergency affected countries in order to ensure needs-based funding. PLoS Currents.
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Dünya’da Meydana Gelen Afetlerin İstatistiksel Olarak Analizi (1900-2022)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 172 - 186, 01.02.2023

Öz

Afetler, doğası gereği ne zaman ve nerede meydana geleceği öngörülemeyen, özellikle toplumun savunma mekanizmalarının başarısız olduğu durumlardır. Küresel olarak iklim değişikliği ile birlikte afetlerin sıklığının arttığı, ortalama her gün en az bir afetin yaşandığı ve yaşanan bu afetlerden çok sayıda insanın etkilendiği belirtilmektedir. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada; 1900-2022 yılları arasında dünyada meydana gelen afetlerin yıllara, kıtalara, ülkelere ve afetlerin türlerine göre dağılımlarının incelenmesi, afetlerin sıklıklarına (Zamansal-Kıtasal, Ülkesel) neden olan durumların değerlendirilmesi ve bu veriler doğrultusunda bilimsel açıdan çözümcül önerilerinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, özellikle 2000’li yılların başından itibaren afetlerin sıklığının arttığı görülmüş olup bu durumun nedenlerinden birisinin literatür desteği ile birlikte iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz sonuçlarıyla ilişkilendirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Temel afet grupları açısından doğa kaynaklı afetlerin daha fazla yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. Afetlerin en fazla Asya kıtasında yaşandığı, bunu Amerika ve Afrika Kıtalarının takip ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz sonuçlarıyla mücadele edilmesinin, afetlere hazırlanmada davranışa dönüşecek eğitim faaliyetlerinin yürütülmesinin, planlamaların afet türleri ile mekansal durum dikkate alınarak yapılmasının ve afetlere hazırlanmada toplumsal uyumun sağlanmasının gelecekte yaşanabilecek afetlerin sıklığının yıllar, kıtalar ve ülkeler bazında azalmasında etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD (2014). Afet ve Acil Durum Başkanlığı. Açıklamalı Afet Yönetimi Terimleri Sözlüğü. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.afad.gov.tr/kitaplar adresinden erişildi.
  • AFAD (2020). Afet ve Acil Durum Başkanlığı. 30 Ekim 2020 Ege Denizi, Seferihisar (İzmir) Açıkları (17,26 Km) Mw 6.6 Depremine İlişkin Ön Değerlendirme Raporu. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/downloadDocument?id=2064 adresinden erişildi.
  • AFAD (t.y.). Afet ve Acil Durum Başkanlığı. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/tarihteBuAy?id adresinden erişildi.
  • Aitken, P. ve Leggat, P. (2012). Considerations in mass casualty and disaster management. Emergency medicine: an international perspective, 145-182. https://doi.org/10.5772/37361
  • Avila, L. A., S. R. Stewart, R. ve Hagen A.B. (2020). Natıonal Hurrıcane Center Tropıcal Cyclone Report Hurrıcane Dorıan (Al052019). 04 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL052019_Dorian.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Banholzer, S., Kossin, J. ve Donner, S. (2014). The impact of climate change on natural disasters. In Reducing disaster: Early warning systems for climate change (ss. 21-49). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8598-3_2
  • Barberi, F., Martini, M. ve Rosi, M. (1990). Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia): pre-eruption observations and the November 13, 1985, catastrophic event. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 42(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(90)90066-O
  • Bruneau, M. (1995). Performance of masonry structures during the 1994 Northridge (Los Angeles) earthquake. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(2), 378-402. https://doi.org/10.1139/l95-048
  • Brunkard, J., Namulanda, G. ve Ratard, R. (2008). Hurricane katrina deaths, louisiana, 2005. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2(4), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1097/DMP.0b013e31818aaf55
  • Brunsma, D. ve Picou, J.S. (2008). Disasters in the Twenty-First Century: Modern Destruction and Future Instruction. Social Forces 87(2), 983-991. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0149. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0149
  • Bollettino, V., Alcayna-Stevens, T., Sharma, M., Dy, P., Pham, P. ve Vinck, P. (2020). Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines. Climate Risk Management, 30, 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100250
  • Cavallo, E. ve Noy, I. (2010). The Economics of Natural Disasters: A Survey (IDB Working Paper 124). Department of Research and Chief Economist, Inter-American Development Bank: Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1817217
  • Chrétien, S. ve Brousse, R. (1989). Events preceding the great eruption of 8 May 1902 at Mount Pelée, Martinique. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 38(1-2), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(89)90030-9
  • Coronese, M., Lamperti, F., Keller, K., Chiaromonte, F. ve Roventini, A. (2019). Evidence for sharp increase in the economic damages of extreme natural disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(43), 21450-21455. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907826116
  • Courtney, C. (2015). The Dragon King and the 1931 Wuhan Flood: Religious Rumors and Environmental Disasters in Republican China. Twentieth-Century China, 40(2), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2015.0018
  • CRED ve UNISDR. (2016). Poverty & Death: Disaster Mortality 1996-2015. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.unisdr.org/files/50589_creddisastermortalityallfinalpdf.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Crowley, T. J. (2000). Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science, 289(5477), 270-277. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.270
  • Desonie, D. (2008). Climate: Causes and effects of climate change. Infobase Publishing.
  • Douglass, M. (2016). The urban transition of disaster governance in Asia. In Disaster governance in urbanising Asia (ss. 13-43). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-649-2_2
  • Eriksson, A., Ohlsén, Y. K., Garfield, R. ve von Schreeb, J. (2015). Who is worst off? Developing a severity-scoring model of complex emergency affected countries in order to ensure needs-based funding. PLoS Currents.
  • EM-DAT. (t.y.a). General Classification. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.emdat.be/classification adresinden erişildi.
  • EM-DAT. (t.y.b). Guidelines. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.emdat.be/guidelines adresinden erişildi.
  • EM-DAT. (t.y.c). (The international disasters database). 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://public.emdat.be/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Eshghi, K. ve Larson, R. C. (2008). Disasters: lessons from the past 105 years. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560810855883
  • Eskander, S. M. ve Barbier, E. B. (2022). Long-term impacts of the 1970 cyclone in Bangladesh. World Development, 152, 105793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105793
  • Fountain, H. (2022). Here’s what scientists know about the Tonga volcano eruption. O4 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/19/climate/scientists-tonga-volcano-eruption-effects.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Government of the Republic of Haiti. (2010). Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti.
  • Guha-Sapir, D. ve Hoyois, P. (2012). Disasters in India: Policy Overview of Vulnerability, Risks and Human Impact. In Recovering from Earthquakes (ss. 34-58). Routledge India. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203151792-9
  • Han, W., Liang, C., Jiang, B., Ma, W. ve Zhang, Y. (2016). Major natural disasters in China, 1985–2014: occurrence and damages. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(11), 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111118
  • Horwich, G. (2000). Economic lessons of the Kobe earthquake. Economic development and cultural change, 48(3), 521-542. https://doi.org/10.1086/452609
  • Huang, Y. ve Cheng, H. (2013). The impact of climate change on coastal geological disasters in southeastern China. Natural hazards, 65(1), 377-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0370-7
  • Jia, H., Chen, F., Pan, D., Du, E., Wang, L., Wang, N. ve Yang, A. (2022). Flood risk management in the Yangtze River basin—Comparison of 1998 and 2020 events. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 68, 102724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102724
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  • Kim, H. J., Fay, M. P., Feuer, E. J. ve Midthune, D. N. (2000). Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Statistics in medicine, 19(3), 335-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::AID-SIM336>3.0.CO;2-Z
  • Leoni, B., Radford, T. ve Schulman, M. (2011). Disaster through a different lens: Behing every effect, there is a cause: A guide for journalist covering disaster risk reduction. In Disaster Through a Different Lens: Behing Every Effect, there is a Cause: A guide for Journalist Covering Disaster Risk Reduction. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Secretariat (UNISDR).
  • Li, C. J., Chai, Y. Q., Yang, L. S. ve Li, H. R. (2016). Spatio-temporal distribution of flood disasters and analysis of influencing factors in Africa. Natural Hazards, 82(1), 721-731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2181-8
  • Mahmood, I., Kidwai, A. A., Qureshi, S. N., Iqbal, M. F. ve Atique, L. (2015). Revisiting major earthquakes in Pakistan. Geology Today, 31(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12085
  • Math, S. B., Nirmala, M. C., Moirangthem, S. ve Kumar, N. C. (2015). Disaster management: mental health perspective. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 37(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.162915
  • McFarlane, A. C. ve Williams, R. (2012). Mental health services required after disasters: Learning from the lasting effects of disasters. Depression research and treatment, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/970194
  • McPherson, M., Counahan, M. ve Hall, J. L. (2015). Responding to typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal: WPSAR, 6(Suppl 1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2015.6.4.HYN_026
  • Muzamil, S. A. H. B. S., Zainun, N. Y., Ajman, N. N., Sulaiman, N., Khahro, S. H., Rohani, M. M., ...ve Ahmad, H. (2022). Proposed framework for the flood disaster management cycle in Malaysia. Sustainability, 14(7), 4088. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074088
  • Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China. (2021). 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.mem.gov.cn/xw/yjglbgzdt/202101/t20210108_376745.shtml adresinden erişildi.
  • Norris, F. H. (1992). Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 60(3), 409. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.409
  • Oğul, E. (2019). Türkiye'de Afet Yönetimi Politikasının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kapsamında Incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Tez Merkezi. (606282).
  • Okunola, O. H. (2019). Spatial analysis of disaster statistics in selected cities of Nigeria. International journal of emergency management, 15(4), 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2019.104195
  • Özşahin, E. (2013). Türkiye’de Yaşanmış (1970-2012) Doğal Afetler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı.
  • Plafker, G. (1969). Tectonics of the March 27, 1964, Alaska earthquake. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp543I
  • Pomonis, A. (2010). The great Chile earthquake sequence of May 21-22, 1960: an analysis of the human casualties by event, location and cause (Mizunami international symposium on earthquake casualties and health consequences: abstract book). Japan.
  • Prasad, A. S. ve Francescutti, L. H. (2017). Natural disasters. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00519-1
  • Puzo, Q., Qin, P. ve Mehlum, L. (2016). Long-term trends of suicide by choice of method in Norway: a joinpoint regression analysis of data from 1969 to 2012. BMC public health, 16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2919-y
  • Quesada-Román, A., Villalobos-Portilla, E. ve Campos-Durán, D. (2021). Hydrometeorological disasters in urban areas of Costa Rica, Central America. Environmental Hazards, 20(3), 264-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2020.1791034
  • Ritchie, H. ve Roser, M. (2014). Natural disasters. Our World in Data.
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  • Yapa Abeywardhana, D. M. (2020). Environmental Sociology of Floods in the Colombo District of Sri Lanka. In Development in Coastal Zones and Disaster Management (ss. 271-280). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4294-7_18
  • UNDRR. (2015). Unıted Natıons Offıce for Dısaster Rısk Reductıon (2015), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.undrr.org/publication/global-assessment-report-disaster-risk-reduction-2015 adresinden erişildi.
  • UNEP. (t.y.). Awareness and preparedness for emergencies at local level (APELL). 04 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/disasters-conflicts/what-we-do/preparedness-and-response/awareness-and-preparedness adresinden erişildi.
  • USGS ve American Red Cross (2011). Report on the 2010 Chilean Earthquake and Tsunami Response. 04 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1053/of2011-1053.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Wang, X. ve Liu, P. L. F. (2006). An analysis of 2004 Sumatra earthquake fault plane mechanisms and Indian Ocean tsunami. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 44(2), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2006.9521671
  • WMO. (2021). World Meteorological Organization. Weather-Related Disasters İncrease Over Past 50 Years, Causing More Damage But Fewer Deaths. 29 Mart 2022 tarihinde https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/weather-related-disasters-increase-over-past-50-years-causing-more-damage-fewer adresinden erişildi.
  • Wu, F. T. ve Kanamori, H. (1973). Source mechanism of February 4, 1965, Rat Island earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78(26), 6082-6092. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB078i026p06082
  • Wu, L., Wang, B. ve Geng, S. (2005). Growing typhoon influence on East Asia. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(18). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022937
  • Xu, W., Zhuo, L., Zheng, J., Ge, Y., Gu, Z. ve Tian, Y. (2016). Assessment of the casualty risk of multiple meteorological hazards in China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(2), 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020222
  • Yeats, R. S. ve Lillie, R. J. (1991). Contemporary tectonics of the Himalayan frontal fault system: folds, blind thrusts and the 1905 Kangra earthquake. Journal of Structural Geology, 13(2), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90068-T
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Galip Usta 0000-0001-6279-1694

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Şubat 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Usta, G. (2023). Dünya’da Meydana Gelen Afetlerin İstatistiksel Olarak Analizi (1900-2022). Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 172-186. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.1138791