Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 29, 67 - 77, 30.11.2021
Öz
Liao devletine (916-1125) son vererek Çin’in kuzeyinde Cin hanedanını (1115-1234) kuran Tunguz topluluğunun dili olan Cürçence bugünkü verilere göre yazıya geçirilen ilk Tunguz dilidir. Cin ve Ming (1368-1644) dönemlerinden kalan metinlerle takip edilebilmektedir. Tunguz dil ailesi içinde Cürçence, Mançuca ve Sibecenin tarihsel olarak birbirinin devamı olduğu genellikle kabul edilir. Çing döneminde (1644-1911) Cürçen toplulukları kendilerine Mançu demeye başlamıştır. Mançucayla Cürçence arasında sesbilgisi ve şekilbilgisi bakımından bazı küçük farklar olmakla birlikte iki dilin tarihî olarak birbirinin devamı olamayacağı da bazı araştırmacılar tarafından belirtilir. Bu yazıda, Cürçenlerin tarihinden bahsedilerek Cürçencenin kaynaklarına değinilmiştir. Ayrıca Cin ve Ming dönemi Cürçencesi ile Mançuca arasındaki dilbilgisi bakımından benzerlikler ve farklar gösterilmiştir. Bundan başka, Cürçenceye Moğolca aracılığıyla geçen Türkçe kelimeler tespit edilerek bunların diğer Tunguz dillerindeki yayılımı gösterilmiş ve Türk-Tunguz dil ilişkileri bağlamında ele alınmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés (2011) Tense, Voice and Aktionsart in Tungusic: Another Case of «Analysis to Synthesis»? Tunguso Sibirica 32. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Benzing, Johannes (1956). Die tungusischen Sprachen : Versuch einer vergleichenden Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Steiner.
- Burykin, Alexey Alexeyevich (1999). “Morphological aspects of the language of the Jurchen script”. Writing in the altaic World. (Edt. Juha Janhunen-Volker Rybatzki). Helsinki: Finish Oriental Society, 29-39.
- Cincius, V. I. (1949). Sravnitel’naâ fonetika tunguso-man’čžurskih jazykov. Leningrad: Učpedgiz; Leningradskoe otd.
- Doerfer, Gerard (1978). “Classification problems of Tungus”. Beiträge zur nordasiatischen Kulturgeschichte. (Edt. M Weiers), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1–26.
- Doerfer, Gerard (1985). “The Mongol Tungus-Connections”. Language Research, 21: 135-144.
- EDPT = Clauson, Sir Gerard. (1972). An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Grube, Wilhelm (1896). Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen. Leipzig: Harrassowitz.
- Huang, Pei (1990). “New Light on The Origins of The Manchus”. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50: 239-282.
- İkegami, Jiro (1974). “Versuch einer Klassifikation der Tungusischen Sprachen”. Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der Altaischen Volker, (Edt. G. Hazai), Berlin:Akademie Verlag, 271-272.
- Janhunen, Juha (1994) “On the formation of Sinitic Scripts in Medieval Nothern China”. Journal de la Sociéte Finno-Ougrienne, 85: 107-124.
- Janhunen, Juha (1996). Manchuria: an Ethnic History. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.
- Janhunen, Juha (2004). “From Choson to Jucher: On the Possibilities of Ethnonymic Continuity in Greater Manchuria”. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, 9: 67-76.
- Janhunen, Juha (2012). “The expansion of Tungusic as an ethnic and linguistic process”. Recent Advances in Tungusic Linguistics. Turcologica 89 (Edt. A. L. Malchukov-L. J. Whaley), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 5-16.
- Janhunen, Juha (2013). “On Para-Mongolic vs. Pre-Proto-Mongolic loanwords in Jurchen- Manchu. Mongolic languages”, History and present: Extended abstracts for the Conference St. Petersburg, Kasım 21-23, Rossijskaia Akademija Nauk, Institut Lingvisticheskikh Issledovanij, 52-57.
- Janhunen, Juha (2015). “Observations on the Para-Mongolic elements in Jurchenic”. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana, 11(3): 575-592.
- Jankowski, Henryk (2013). “Altaic Languages and Historical Contact”, Current Trends in Altaic Linguistics: A Festschrift for Professor Emeritus Seong Baeg-in on his 80th Birthday. (Edt. J. Kim - D. Ko). Seoul: Altaic Society of Korea, 523-545.
- Kane, Daniel (1989). The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- Kane, Daniel (2009). The Kitan Language and Script. Leiden: Brill.
- Khabtagaeva, Bayarma. (2019). Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian. Boston: Brill.
- Kiyose, Gisaburō Norikura (1977). A Study of the Jurchen Language and Script: Reconstruction and Decipherment. Kyoto: Hōritsubunka-sha.
- Kiyose, Gisaburō Norikura (1998). “Dialectal Lineage from Jurchen to Manchu”. Central Asiatic Journal, 42: 123-127.
- Kiyose, Gisaburō Norikura (2000). “Genealogical Relationship of Jurchen Dialects and Literary Manchu”. Central Asiatic Journal, 44: 177-189.
- Menges, Karl H. (1968). Die tungusischen Sprachen. Leiden: Brill.
- Miyake, Marc (2017). “Jurchen language”. Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics. (Edt. Rint Sybesma ), Leiden: Brill. 478‒480.
- MT. = Doerfer, Gerard. (1985). Mongolo-Tungusica. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Nor = Norman, Jerry. (1978). A concise Manchu-English lexicon. Seattle, University of Washington Press.
- Özalan, Uluhan (2021). “Mançucada Türkçe Kökenli Kelimeler”. IX. Uluslararası Türk Dili Kurultayı. 26-30 Eylül 2021. Ankara-Türkiye.
- Pevnov, Alexandr M. (1997). Chzhurchzhen'skij yazyk”. Yazyki míra. Mongol'skie yazyki, tunguso-man'chzhurskie yazyki, yaponskij yazyk, koreiskíj yazyk. (Edt. Vladimir A. Alpatov), Moskova: Indrik. 260-267.
- Poppe, Nikolaj Nikolaevič (1965). Introduction to Altaic Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Rachewiltz, I. de ve Rybatzki, V. (2010). Introduction to Altaic Philology : Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu . Leiden: Brill.
- Rozycki, William (1994). Mongol Elements in Manchu. Bloomington: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
- SSTM = Cincius, V.I. (1975, 1977). Sravnitel’njy slovar’ tunguso-man’čžurskix jazykov 1-2. Leningrad: Nauka.
- TMEN = Doerfer, Gerard. (1963-1975). Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen 1-4. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.
- Vovin, Alexander (2006). “Why Manchu and Jurchen look so non-Tungusic”. Tumen jalafun Jecen akū: Manchu Studies in Honor of Giovanny Stary, (Edt. A. Pozzi-J.A. Janhunen-M. Weiers), Tunguso-Sibirica 20, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 255-266.
- Zikmundova, Veronika (2013). Spoken Sibe: Morphology of the Inflected Parts of Speech. Prague: Karolinum Press.
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 29, 67 - 77, 30.11.2021
Öz
Jurchen is the language of the Tungusic people who supplanted the Liao State (916-1125) and formed the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in northern China. On the basis of the available data, Jurchen is known to be the first Tungusic language ever recorded in writing. It can be traced through written materials during Jin and Ming (1368-1644) periods. Besides, Jurchen, Manchu and Sibe are regarded to be the historical continuation of the same language. As an ethnonym Jurchen was replaced by Manchu in the Qing period (1644-1911). Since there are some slight phonological and morphological differences between Jurchen and Manchu, some researchers state that Manchu is not a direct descendant of Jurchen. In the present paper, the sources of the Jurchen language are introduced with reference to Jurchen history. As for the linguistic history of Jurchen, the linguistic divergences among Jin and Ming Jurchen, and Manchu are presented. Additionally, the words with Turkic origin borrowed through Mongolic mediation in Jurchen are determined and their spread in the Tungusic language family is discussed within the framework of Turkic-Tungusic contact.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés (2011) Tense, Voice and Aktionsart in Tungusic: Another Case of «Analysis to Synthesis»? Tunguso Sibirica 32. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Benzing, Johannes (1956). Die tungusischen Sprachen : Versuch einer vergleichenden Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Steiner.
- Burykin, Alexey Alexeyevich (1999). “Morphological aspects of the language of the Jurchen script”. Writing in the altaic World. (Edt. Juha Janhunen-Volker Rybatzki). Helsinki: Finish Oriental Society, 29-39.
- Cincius, V. I. (1949). Sravnitel’naâ fonetika tunguso-man’čžurskih jazykov. Leningrad: Učpedgiz; Leningradskoe otd.
- Doerfer, Gerard (1978). “Classification problems of Tungus”. Beiträge zur nordasiatischen Kulturgeschichte. (Edt. M Weiers), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1–26.
- Doerfer, Gerard (1985). “The Mongol Tungus-Connections”. Language Research, 21: 135-144.
- EDPT = Clauson, Sir Gerard. (1972). An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Grube, Wilhelm (1896). Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen. Leipzig: Harrassowitz.
- Huang, Pei (1990). “New Light on The Origins of The Manchus”. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50: 239-282.
- İkegami, Jiro (1974). “Versuch einer Klassifikation der Tungusischen Sprachen”. Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der Altaischen Volker, (Edt. G. Hazai), Berlin:Akademie Verlag, 271-272.
- Janhunen, Juha (1994) “On the formation of Sinitic Scripts in Medieval Nothern China”. Journal de la Sociéte Finno-Ougrienne, 85: 107-124.
- Janhunen, Juha (1996). Manchuria: an Ethnic History. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.
- Janhunen, Juha (2004). “From Choson to Jucher: On the Possibilities of Ethnonymic Continuity in Greater Manchuria”. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, 9: 67-76.
- Janhunen, Juha (2012). “The expansion of Tungusic as an ethnic and linguistic process”. Recent Advances in Tungusic Linguistics. Turcologica 89 (Edt. A. L. Malchukov-L. J. Whaley), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 5-16.
- Janhunen, Juha (2013). “On Para-Mongolic vs. Pre-Proto-Mongolic loanwords in Jurchen- Manchu. Mongolic languages”, History and present: Extended abstracts for the Conference St. Petersburg, Kasım 21-23, Rossijskaia Akademija Nauk, Institut Lingvisticheskikh Issledovanij, 52-57.
- Janhunen, Juha (2015). “Observations on the Para-Mongolic elements in Jurchenic”. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana, 11(3): 575-592.
- Jankowski, Henryk (2013). “Altaic Languages and Historical Contact”, Current Trends in Altaic Linguistics: A Festschrift for Professor Emeritus Seong Baeg-in on his 80th Birthday. (Edt. J. Kim - D. Ko). Seoul: Altaic Society of Korea, 523-545.
- Kane, Daniel (1989). The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- Kane, Daniel (2009). The Kitan Language and Script. Leiden: Brill.
- Khabtagaeva, Bayarma. (2019). Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian. Boston: Brill.
- Kiyose, Gisaburō Norikura (1977). A Study of the Jurchen Language and Script: Reconstruction and Decipherment. Kyoto: Hōritsubunka-sha.
- Kiyose, Gisaburō Norikura (1998). “Dialectal Lineage from Jurchen to Manchu”. Central Asiatic Journal, 42: 123-127.
- Kiyose, Gisaburō Norikura (2000). “Genealogical Relationship of Jurchen Dialects and Literary Manchu”. Central Asiatic Journal, 44: 177-189.
- Menges, Karl H. (1968). Die tungusischen Sprachen. Leiden: Brill.
- Miyake, Marc (2017). “Jurchen language”. Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics. (Edt. Rint Sybesma ), Leiden: Brill. 478‒480.
- MT. = Doerfer, Gerard. (1985). Mongolo-Tungusica. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Nor = Norman, Jerry. (1978). A concise Manchu-English lexicon. Seattle, University of Washington Press.
- Özalan, Uluhan (2021). “Mançucada Türkçe Kökenli Kelimeler”. IX. Uluslararası Türk Dili Kurultayı. 26-30 Eylül 2021. Ankara-Türkiye.
- Pevnov, Alexandr M. (1997). Chzhurchzhen'skij yazyk”. Yazyki míra. Mongol'skie yazyki, tunguso-man'chzhurskie yazyki, yaponskij yazyk, koreiskíj yazyk. (Edt. Vladimir A. Alpatov), Moskova: Indrik. 260-267.
- Poppe, Nikolaj Nikolaevič (1965). Introduction to Altaic Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Rachewiltz, I. de ve Rybatzki, V. (2010). Introduction to Altaic Philology : Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu . Leiden: Brill.
- Rozycki, William (1994). Mongol Elements in Manchu. Bloomington: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
- SSTM = Cincius, V.I. (1975, 1977). Sravnitel’njy slovar’ tunguso-man’čžurskix jazykov 1-2. Leningrad: Nauka.
- TMEN = Doerfer, Gerard. (1963-1975). Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen 1-4. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.
- Vovin, Alexander (2006). “Why Manchu and Jurchen look so non-Tungusic”. Tumen jalafun Jecen akū: Manchu Studies in Honor of Giovanny Stary, (Edt. A. Pozzi-J.A. Janhunen-M. Weiers), Tunguso-Sibirica 20, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 255-266.
- Zikmundova, Veronika (2013). Spoken Sibe: Morphology of the Inflected Parts of Speech. Prague: Karolinum Press.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Dilbilim |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Kasım 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 29 |
