BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Some Critiques towards Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 28, 69 - 99, 01.12.2014

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Argyris, C. (1982). Reasoning, learning and action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Arnold, M. L. (2000). Stage, sequence, and sequels: Changing conceptions of morality, Post-Kohlberg. Educational Psychology Review, 12(4), 365-383.
  • Aron, I. E. (1977). Moral philosophy and moral education: A critique of Kohlberg’s theory. The School Review, 85(2), 197-217.
  • Blum, L. A. (1988). Gilligan and Kohlberg: Implications for moral theory. Ethics, 98(3), 472-491.
  • Boyd, D. (1980). The rawls connection. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral development, moral education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 185-213). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Brook, R. (1987). Justice and the golden rule: A commentary on some recent work of Lawrence Kohlberg. Ethics, 97(2), 363-373.
  • Brown, R., & Herrnstein, R. (1975). Psychology, Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Bussey K., & Maughan, B. (1982). Gender differences in moral reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(4), 701-706.
  • Chazan, B. (1985). Contemporary approaches to moral education: analyzing alternative theories. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Clouse, B. (1991). Adolescent moral development and sexuality. D. Ratcliff & J. A. Davies (Eds.), Handbook of Youth Ministry, (ss. 178-213). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Cüceloğlu, D. (2009). İnsan ve Davranışı. (18. Baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Damico, A. J. (1982). The sociology of justice: Kohlberg and Milgram. Political Theory, 10(3), 409-433.
  • Flanagan, O. J., Jr. (1982). A reply to Lawrence Kohlberg. Ethics, (Special Issue: Symposium on Moral Development), 92(3), 529-532.
  • Flanagan, O. J., Jr., & Jackson, K. (1987). Justice, care and gender: The Kohlberg- Gilligan debate revisited. Ethics, 97(3), 622-637.
  • Fowler, J. (1980). Moral stages and the development of faith. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 130-160). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Freeman S. J. M., & Giebink, J. W. (1979). Moral judgment as a function of age, sex, and stimulus. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 102, 43-47.
  • Freud, S. (1927). Some psychological consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 8, 133-142.
  • Garwood, S. G., Levine, D. W., & Ewing, Linda. (1980). Effect of Protoganist’s sex on assessing gender differences in moral reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 16, 677-678.
  • Gerolds, L. R. (1981). Kohlberg and moral education: A more comprehensive outlook. Unpublished MA Thesis, Concordia University.
  • Gibbs, J. C. (1979). Kohlberg’s moral stage theory: A Piagetian revision. Human Development, 22(2), 89-112.
  • Gielen, U. (1994). Research on moral reasoning. L. Kuhmerker, U. Gielen & R. L. Hayes (Eds.), The Kohlberg Legacy for the Helping Professions, (ss. 39-60). Birmingham, Alabama: Doxa Books.
  • Gilligan, C. (1979). Woman’s place in man’s life cycle. Harvard Educational Review, 49, 431-446.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Gilligan, C., & Belenky, M. F. (1980). A naturalistic study of abortion decision. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 7, 69-90.
  • Haan, N. (1975). Hypothetical and actual moral reasoning in a situation of civil disobedience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 255-270.
  • Haan, N. (1977). Coping and defending: processes of self-environment organization. New York: Academic Press.
  • Habermas, J. (1979). Moral development and ego identity. J. Habermas (Ed.), Communication and the Evolution of Society, (ss. 69-94). Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Moral development. P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s Manual of Child Psychology, (ss. 261-360). New York: Wiley, 2.
  • Holstein, C. B. (1976). Irreversible, stepwise sequence in the development of moral judgment: A longitudinal study of males and females. Child Development, 47(1), 51-61.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2010). Benlik, Aile ve İnsan Gelişimi: Kültürel Psikoloji. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kılıç, R. (1992). Ahlakın Dini Temeli. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1963). Moral development and identification. H. W. Stevenson vd. (Ed.), Child Psychology: The Sixty-Second Yearbook of National Society for Studies in Education, (ss. 277-332). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: the cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, (ss. 347-380). Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1970). Reply to Bereiter’s statement on Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental view. Interchange, 1(1), 40-48.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1971). From is to ought: how to commit the naturalistic fallacy and get away with it in the study of moral development. T. Mischel (Ed.), Cognitive Development and Epistemology, (ss. 151-235). New York: Academic Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1973a). Continuities and discontinuities in childhood and adult moral development revisited. P. B. Baltes & L. R. Goutlet (Eds.), Lifespan Developmental Psychology: Research and Theory, (ss. 179-204). New York: Academic Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1973b). The claim to moral adequacy of a highest stage of moral judgment. The Journal of Philosophy, 70(18), (Seventieth Annual Meeting of the American Philosophical Association Eastern Division), 630-646.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1974). Education, moral development and faith. Journal of Moral Education, 4, 5-16.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive developmental approach. T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues, (ss. 31-53). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1978). Revisions in the theory and practice of moral development. New Directions for the Child and Adolescent Development, 2, 83-87.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1980). Stages of moral development as a basis for moral education. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 15-98). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development: The philosophy of moral development. (Vol. 1), New York: Harper & Row, 1981.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984.
  • Kohlberg, L. (2001). Culture and moral development. D. Matsumoto (Eds.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology, (ss. 151-171). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Kohlberg, L., & Candee, D. (1984). The relationship of moral judgment to moral action. Essays on Moral Development, Vol. 2. The Psychology of Moral Development:
  • The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages, New York: Harper & Row. 498–581.
  • Kohlberg, L., & Turiel, E. (1971). Moral development and moral education. Gerald Lesser, Glenview (Ed.), Psychology and Educational Practice, (ss. 530- 550). Illinois: Scott, Foresman.
  • Kramer, R. (1968). Changes in moral judgement response pattern during late adolescence and young adulthood: Retrogression in a developmental sequence. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Chicago.
  • Krebs, D. L., vd. (1991). Structural and situational influences on moral judgment: the interaction between stage and dilemma. W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development, Vol. 2: Research. (ss. 139-169). Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Lawson, M. S. (1983). John Dewey and Lawrence Kohlberg: Contrasting concepts of moral development. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Oklahoma.
  • Lee, J. M. (1980). Christian religious education and moral development. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education and Kohlberg, (ss. 326-355). Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Lodge, E. G. (1980). A critique of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theoretical writings on moral development. Unpublished MA Thesis, Concordia University.
  • Ma, H-K. (1997). The affective and cognitive aspects of moral development: A Chinese Perspective. D. Sinha (Ed.), Asian Perspectives on Psychology, (ss. 93-109). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • McClelland, D. C. (1982). (Ed.). Education for values. New York: Irvington Publishers.
  • McNamee, S. (1977). Moral behavior, moral development, and motivation. Journal of Moral Education, 7(1), 27-31.
  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: an experimental view. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Miller, J. G., (1994). Cultural diversity in the morality of caring: Individually oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral codes. Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Sciences, 28, 3-39.
  • Miller, J. G., (2001). Culture and moral development. D. Matsumoto (Eds.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology, (ss. 151-171). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Orchowsky, S. J., & Jenkins, L. R. (1979). Sex biases in the measurement of moral judgment. Psychological Reports, 44, 1040-1050.
  • Peters, R. S. (1981). The place of Kohlberg’s theory in moral education. R. S. Peters (Ed.), Moral Development and Moral Education, (ss. 166-182). London: George Allen & Unwin.
  • Power, F. C. (1994). Moral development. V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, (ss. 203-212). San Diego: Academic Press, 3.
  • Pritchard, S. M. (1984). Cognition and affect in moral development: A Critique of Lawrence Kohlberg. Journal of Value Inquiry, 18, 35-49.
  • Puka, B. (1982). An interdisciplinary treatment of Kohlberg. Ethics, 92(3), (Special Issue: Symposium on Moral Development). 468-490.
  • Reed, T. M. (1987). Developmental moral theory. Ethics, 97(2), 441-456. Reimer, J., Paolitto, D. P., & Hersh, R. H. (1983). Promoting moral growth: From Piaget to Kohlberg, (2. Edition), New York: Longman.
  • Rest, J. (1994). Kohlberg in perspective: A backward and a forward look. L. Kuhmerker, U. Gielen & Richard L. Hayes (Eds.), The Kohlberg Legacy for the Helping Professions, (ss. 201-204). Birmingham, Alabama: Doxa Books.
  • Rich, J. M., & Devitis, J. L. (1985). Theories of moral development, USA: Thomas Books.
  • Richards, P. S. & Davison, M. L. (1992). Religious bias in moral development research: a psychometric investigation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31(4), 467-485.
  • Rosenzweig, L. (1980). Kohlberg in the classroom: Moral education models. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 359-380). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Schlesinger, M. (1987). Gender differences in moral stage, moral orientation and sex-role identity of academic administrators: A comparision of Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Temple University.
  • Schmitt, R. (1980). The stages of moral development: A basis for an educational concept?. International Review of Education, (Problems of Teaching Moral Values in Changing Society), 26(2), 207-216.
  • Shweder, R. A. (1990). In defense of moral realism: Reply to Gabennesch. Child Development, 61(6), 2060-2067.
  • Simpson, E. L., (1974). Moral development research: A case study of scientific cultural bias. Human Development, 17, 81-106.
  • Snell, R. S. (1996). Complementing Kohlberg: Mapping the ethical reasoning used by managers for their own dilemma cases. Human Relations, 49(1), 23-49.
  • Sullivan, E. V. (1977). A study of Kohlberg’s structural theory of moral development: a critique of liberal social science ideology. Human Development, 20, 352-376.
  • Sunar, D. (2002). The psychology of morality. W. J. Lonner vd. (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, (Unit. 2, Chapter 11), Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, http://www.wwu.edu/culture/Sunar.htm, Erişim: 19.03.2012.
  • Thomas, R. M. (1997). Moral development theories-secular and religious: A comparative study, London: Greenwood Press.
  • Tsujımoto, R. N. & M. P. Nardi. (1978). A comparison of Kohlberg’s and Hogan’s theories of moral development. Social Psychology, 41(3), 235-245.
  • Wagner, P. A. (1982). Kohlberg, science and indoctrination. A Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Studies Association, (Nashville, Tennessee), 1-17.
  • Walker, L. J, (1984). Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: A critical review. Child Development, 55(3), 677-691.
  • Wallwork, E. (1980). Morality, religion, and Kohlberg’s theory. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 269-297). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Walsh, C. (2000). The life and legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg. Society, 37(2), 36-41.
  • White, R. D., Jr. (1999). Are women more ethical? Recent findings on the effects of gender upon moral development. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory: J-PART, 9(3), 459-471.
  • Wolfinger, N. H., Rabow, J. & Newcomb, M. D. (1999). The different voices of helping: Gender differences in recounting dilemmas. Gender Issues, 17(3), 70-86.
  • Zimbardo, P. G. (1975). The psychology of evil: or the perversion of human potential. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service.

Kohlberg'in Ahlak Gelişim Teorisine Yönelik Bazı Eleştiriler

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 28, 69 - 99, 01.12.2014

Öz

Kohlberg'in ahlak gelişim teorisi, uluslararası düzeyde kabul gören ve pek çok çalışmaya temel teşkil eden bir teoridir. Bununla birlikte teori, özellikle Batı'da, kendisine meydan okuyan ciddi eleştirilerle de karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Hatta bu eleştirilere karşı savunma eleştirileri yapılmış ve tüm eleştirilerdeki vurgulardan hareketle yeni bazı teoriler daha geliştirilmiştir. Ancak tüm bu gelişmeler Türkiye'deki literatüre henüz girememiştir. Nitekim ülkemizde Kohlberg'in teorisi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, genellikle ahlak gelişim basamaklarıyla sınırlı kalmış, teorinin eleştiriye açık yönleri göz ardı edilmiştir. Oysa gerek teorinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi gerekse bu teoriden hareketle alternatif ahlak teorilerinin geliştirilebilmesi için bu kapsamdaki belli başlı eleştiriler de bilinmelidir. Bu düşünceden yola çıkarak, makalede Kohlberg'in ahlak gelişim teorisine yöneltilen eleştirilerden hareketle, teorinin sorunlu yönlerini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, özellikle Kohlberg ve çağdaşlarının eserleri taranarak doküman incelemesi yöntemine başvurulmuştur. Araştırma sonunda, Kohlberg'in teorisinin başta teorik, pratik ve dini olmak üzere pek çok açıdan ciddi eleştirilerle karşı karşıya olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Argyris, C. (1982). Reasoning, learning and action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Arnold, M. L. (2000). Stage, sequence, and sequels: Changing conceptions of morality, Post-Kohlberg. Educational Psychology Review, 12(4), 365-383.
  • Aron, I. E. (1977). Moral philosophy and moral education: A critique of Kohlberg’s theory. The School Review, 85(2), 197-217.
  • Blum, L. A. (1988). Gilligan and Kohlberg: Implications for moral theory. Ethics, 98(3), 472-491.
  • Boyd, D. (1980). The rawls connection. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral development, moral education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 185-213). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Brook, R. (1987). Justice and the golden rule: A commentary on some recent work of Lawrence Kohlberg. Ethics, 97(2), 363-373.
  • Brown, R., & Herrnstein, R. (1975). Psychology, Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Bussey K., & Maughan, B. (1982). Gender differences in moral reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(4), 701-706.
  • Chazan, B. (1985). Contemporary approaches to moral education: analyzing alternative theories. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Clouse, B. (1991). Adolescent moral development and sexuality. D. Ratcliff & J. A. Davies (Eds.), Handbook of Youth Ministry, (ss. 178-213). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Cüceloğlu, D. (2009). İnsan ve Davranışı. (18. Baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Damico, A. J. (1982). The sociology of justice: Kohlberg and Milgram. Political Theory, 10(3), 409-433.
  • Flanagan, O. J., Jr. (1982). A reply to Lawrence Kohlberg. Ethics, (Special Issue: Symposium on Moral Development), 92(3), 529-532.
  • Flanagan, O. J., Jr., & Jackson, K. (1987). Justice, care and gender: The Kohlberg- Gilligan debate revisited. Ethics, 97(3), 622-637.
  • Fowler, J. (1980). Moral stages and the development of faith. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 130-160). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Freeman S. J. M., & Giebink, J. W. (1979). Moral judgment as a function of age, sex, and stimulus. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 102, 43-47.
  • Freud, S. (1927). Some psychological consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 8, 133-142.
  • Garwood, S. G., Levine, D. W., & Ewing, Linda. (1980). Effect of Protoganist’s sex on assessing gender differences in moral reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 16, 677-678.
  • Gerolds, L. R. (1981). Kohlberg and moral education: A more comprehensive outlook. Unpublished MA Thesis, Concordia University.
  • Gibbs, J. C. (1979). Kohlberg’s moral stage theory: A Piagetian revision. Human Development, 22(2), 89-112.
  • Gielen, U. (1994). Research on moral reasoning. L. Kuhmerker, U. Gielen & R. L. Hayes (Eds.), The Kohlberg Legacy for the Helping Professions, (ss. 39-60). Birmingham, Alabama: Doxa Books.
  • Gilligan, C. (1979). Woman’s place in man’s life cycle. Harvard Educational Review, 49, 431-446.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Gilligan, C., & Belenky, M. F. (1980). A naturalistic study of abortion decision. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 7, 69-90.
  • Haan, N. (1975). Hypothetical and actual moral reasoning in a situation of civil disobedience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 255-270.
  • Haan, N. (1977). Coping and defending: processes of self-environment organization. New York: Academic Press.
  • Habermas, J. (1979). Moral development and ego identity. J. Habermas (Ed.), Communication and the Evolution of Society, (ss. 69-94). Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Moral development. P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s Manual of Child Psychology, (ss. 261-360). New York: Wiley, 2.
  • Holstein, C. B. (1976). Irreversible, stepwise sequence in the development of moral judgment: A longitudinal study of males and females. Child Development, 47(1), 51-61.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2010). Benlik, Aile ve İnsan Gelişimi: Kültürel Psikoloji. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kılıç, R. (1992). Ahlakın Dini Temeli. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1963). Moral development and identification. H. W. Stevenson vd. (Ed.), Child Psychology: The Sixty-Second Yearbook of National Society for Studies in Education, (ss. 277-332). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: the cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, (ss. 347-380). Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1970). Reply to Bereiter’s statement on Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental view. Interchange, 1(1), 40-48.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1971). From is to ought: how to commit the naturalistic fallacy and get away with it in the study of moral development. T. Mischel (Ed.), Cognitive Development and Epistemology, (ss. 151-235). New York: Academic Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1973a). Continuities and discontinuities in childhood and adult moral development revisited. P. B. Baltes & L. R. Goutlet (Eds.), Lifespan Developmental Psychology: Research and Theory, (ss. 179-204). New York: Academic Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1973b). The claim to moral adequacy of a highest stage of moral judgment. The Journal of Philosophy, 70(18), (Seventieth Annual Meeting of the American Philosophical Association Eastern Division), 630-646.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1974). Education, moral development and faith. Journal of Moral Education, 4, 5-16.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive developmental approach. T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues, (ss. 31-53). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1978). Revisions in the theory and practice of moral development. New Directions for the Child and Adolescent Development, 2, 83-87.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1980). Stages of moral development as a basis for moral education. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 15-98). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development: The philosophy of moral development. (Vol. 1), New York: Harper & Row, 1981.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984.
  • Kohlberg, L. (2001). Culture and moral development. D. Matsumoto (Eds.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology, (ss. 151-171). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Kohlberg, L., & Candee, D. (1984). The relationship of moral judgment to moral action. Essays on Moral Development, Vol. 2. The Psychology of Moral Development:
  • The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages, New York: Harper & Row. 498–581.
  • Kohlberg, L., & Turiel, E. (1971). Moral development and moral education. Gerald Lesser, Glenview (Ed.), Psychology and Educational Practice, (ss. 530- 550). Illinois: Scott, Foresman.
  • Kramer, R. (1968). Changes in moral judgement response pattern during late adolescence and young adulthood: Retrogression in a developmental sequence. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Chicago.
  • Krebs, D. L., vd. (1991). Structural and situational influences on moral judgment: the interaction between stage and dilemma. W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development, Vol. 2: Research. (ss. 139-169). Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Lawson, M. S. (1983). John Dewey and Lawrence Kohlberg: Contrasting concepts of moral development. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Oklahoma.
  • Lee, J. M. (1980). Christian religious education and moral development. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education and Kohlberg, (ss. 326-355). Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Lodge, E. G. (1980). A critique of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theoretical writings on moral development. Unpublished MA Thesis, Concordia University.
  • Ma, H-K. (1997). The affective and cognitive aspects of moral development: A Chinese Perspective. D. Sinha (Ed.), Asian Perspectives on Psychology, (ss. 93-109). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • McClelland, D. C. (1982). (Ed.). Education for values. New York: Irvington Publishers.
  • McNamee, S. (1977). Moral behavior, moral development, and motivation. Journal of Moral Education, 7(1), 27-31.
  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: an experimental view. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Miller, J. G., (1994). Cultural diversity in the morality of caring: Individually oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral codes. Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Sciences, 28, 3-39.
  • Miller, J. G., (2001). Culture and moral development. D. Matsumoto (Eds.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology, (ss. 151-171). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Orchowsky, S. J., & Jenkins, L. R. (1979). Sex biases in the measurement of moral judgment. Psychological Reports, 44, 1040-1050.
  • Peters, R. S. (1981). The place of Kohlberg’s theory in moral education. R. S. Peters (Ed.), Moral Development and Moral Education, (ss. 166-182). London: George Allen & Unwin.
  • Power, F. C. (1994). Moral development. V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, (ss. 203-212). San Diego: Academic Press, 3.
  • Pritchard, S. M. (1984). Cognition and affect in moral development: A Critique of Lawrence Kohlberg. Journal of Value Inquiry, 18, 35-49.
  • Puka, B. (1982). An interdisciplinary treatment of Kohlberg. Ethics, 92(3), (Special Issue: Symposium on Moral Development). 468-490.
  • Reed, T. M. (1987). Developmental moral theory. Ethics, 97(2), 441-456. Reimer, J., Paolitto, D. P., & Hersh, R. H. (1983). Promoting moral growth: From Piaget to Kohlberg, (2. Edition), New York: Longman.
  • Rest, J. (1994). Kohlberg in perspective: A backward and a forward look. L. Kuhmerker, U. Gielen & Richard L. Hayes (Eds.), The Kohlberg Legacy for the Helping Professions, (ss. 201-204). Birmingham, Alabama: Doxa Books.
  • Rich, J. M., & Devitis, J. L. (1985). Theories of moral development, USA: Thomas Books.
  • Richards, P. S. & Davison, M. L. (1992). Religious bias in moral development research: a psychometric investigation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31(4), 467-485.
  • Rosenzweig, L. (1980). Kohlberg in the classroom: Moral education models. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 359-380). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Schlesinger, M. (1987). Gender differences in moral stage, moral orientation and sex-role identity of academic administrators: A comparision of Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Temple University.
  • Schmitt, R. (1980). The stages of moral development: A basis for an educational concept?. International Review of Education, (Problems of Teaching Moral Values in Changing Society), 26(2), 207-216.
  • Shweder, R. A. (1990). In defense of moral realism: Reply to Gabennesch. Child Development, 61(6), 2060-2067.
  • Simpson, E. L., (1974). Moral development research: A case study of scientific cultural bias. Human Development, 17, 81-106.
  • Snell, R. S. (1996). Complementing Kohlberg: Mapping the ethical reasoning used by managers for their own dilemma cases. Human Relations, 49(1), 23-49.
  • Sullivan, E. V. (1977). A study of Kohlberg’s structural theory of moral development: a critique of liberal social science ideology. Human Development, 20, 352-376.
  • Sunar, D. (2002). The psychology of morality. W. J. Lonner vd. (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, (Unit. 2, Chapter 11), Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, http://www.wwu.edu/culture/Sunar.htm, Erişim: 19.03.2012.
  • Thomas, R. M. (1997). Moral development theories-secular and religious: A comparative study, London: Greenwood Press.
  • Tsujımoto, R. N. & M. P. Nardi. (1978). A comparison of Kohlberg’s and Hogan’s theories of moral development. Social Psychology, 41(3), 235-245.
  • Wagner, P. A. (1982). Kohlberg, science and indoctrination. A Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Studies Association, (Nashville, Tennessee), 1-17.
  • Walker, L. J, (1984). Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: A critical review. Child Development, 55(3), 677-691.
  • Wallwork, E. (1980). Morality, religion, and Kohlberg’s theory. B. Munsey (Ed.), Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg, (ss. 269-297). Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
  • Walsh, C. (2000). The life and legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg. Society, 37(2), 36-41.
  • White, R. D., Jr. (1999). Are women more ethical? Recent findings on the effects of gender upon moral development. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory: J-PART, 9(3), 459-471.
  • Wolfinger, N. H., Rabow, J. & Newcomb, M. D. (1999). The different voices of helping: Gender differences in recounting dilemmas. Gender Issues, 17(3), 70-86.
  • Zimbardo, P. G. (1975). The psychology of evil: or the perversion of human potential. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA93MR95FU
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Semra Çinemre

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Çinemre, S. (2014). Kohlberg’in Ahlak Gelişim Teorisine Yönelik Bazı Eleştiriler. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 12(28), 69-99.