Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Detection Methods of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Milk and Milk Products

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 380 - 388, 25.12.2018

Nihat Telli Ahmet Güner

https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.327611

Öz

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex, and is

the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) in a wide variety of animal species. Animals with clinical signs of

paratuberculosis and asymptomatic carriers spread the agent by their milk, feces and sperm. While milk may carry the

microoganism, indirect contamination may also caused by feces. As well as milk, cheese, yoghurt, cream, butter, ice cream

and other dairy products can also carry the pathogen. The increase in the incidence of Crohn's disease in humans and Johne’s

disease in dairy cattle is observed worldwide. The detection methods of MAP in milk and dairy products are important to

obtain reliable results in interpreting the role of food and possible relationships between these diseases with their high clinical

and pathological similarities. For this purpose, MAP agents can be investigated by classical cultural and direct diagnosis

methods such as Ziehl-Neelsen staining, fluorescence microscopy, solid-phase cytometry and bioluminescence in milk and

dairy products. In addition to these methods, serological techniques such as radioimmunoassays-RIA, enzyme-linked

immunoassays-ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion assay-AGID and complement fixation-CF test and molecular techniques such

as polymerase chain reaction-PCR, nucleic acid hybridization, immunomagnetic separation PCR, Nested PCR, Real-Time PCR

or the rapid methods which are the combination of these techniques have also been developed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Crohn's disease Johne's disease Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Kaynakça

  • 1. Behling RG., Eifert J., Erickson MC., Gurtler JB., Kornacki JL., Line E., Radcliff R., Ryser ET., Stawick B., Yan Z., 2010. Selected Pathogens of Concern to Industrial Food Processors: Infectious, Toxigenic, Toxico Infectious, Selected Emerging Pathogenic Bacteria. In ‘‘Principles of Microbiological Troubleshooting in the Industrial Food Processing Environment’’ Ed., JL Kornacki, 5-62, Springer Science Business Media, New York.
  • 2.Hermon-Taylor J., Bull TJ., Sheridan JM., Cheng J., Stellakis ML., Sumar N., 2000. Causation of Crohn’s disease by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Can J Gastroenterol, 14(6), 521-539.
  • 3.Harris NB., Barletta RG., 2001. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Veterinary Medicine. Clin Microbiol Rev, 14(3), 489-512.
  • 4.Windsor PA., 2015. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats. Vet Microbiol, 181, 161-169.
  • 5.Hermon-Taylor J., El-Zaatari FAK., 2004. The Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis problem and its relation to the causation of Crohn disease. In ‘‘World Health Organization, Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water: A Guide to Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management’’, Ed., Pedley S, Bartram J, Rees G, Dufour A, Cotruvo J, 74-94, IWA Publishing, London.
  • 6.Grant IR., Rowe MT., Dundee L., Hitchings E., 2001. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: its incidence, heat resistance and detection in milk and dairy products. Int J Dairy Technol, 54, 2-13.
  • 7.McAloon CG., Whyte P., More SJ., Green MJ., O’Grady L., Garcia A., Doherty ML., 2015. The effect of paratuberculosis on milk yield-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 99, 1449-1460.
  • 8.Geraghty T., Grahamb DA., Mullowneyc P., More SJ., 2014. A review of bovine Johne’s disease control activities in 6 endemically infected countries. Prev Vet Med, 116, 1-11.
  • 9.Ailsa LH., Siew CN., 2015. Crohn’s Disease. Medicine, 43(5), 282-290.
  • 10.Güner A., 2004. Crohn Hastalığının Etiyolojisinde Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis)’in Rolü ve Besinlerle Bulaşma Riski. E.Ü. Journal of Health Sciences, 13(1), 48-54.
  • 11.Laass MW., Roggenbuck D., Conrad K., 2014. Diagnosis and classification of Crohn's disease. Autoimmun Rev, 13, 467-471.
  • 12.Davis WC., Madsen-Bouterse SA., 2012. Crohn’s disease and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: The need for a study is long overdue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 145, 1-6.
  • 13.Patel A., Shah N., 2011. Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis-Incidences in milk and milk products, their isolation, enumeration, characterization, and role in human health. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 44, 473-479.
  • 14.Slana I., Paolicchi F., Janstova B., Navratilova P., Pavlik I., 2008. Detection methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and milk products: a review. Vet Med-Czech, 53(6), 283-306.
  • 15.Botsaris G., Slana I., Liapi M., Dodd C., Economides C., Rees C., Pavlik I., 2010. Rapid detection methods for viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk and cheese. Int J Food Microbiol, 141, 87-90.
  • 16.Foddai ACG., Grant IR., 2015. An optimised milk testing protocol to ensure accurate enumeration of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by the PMS-phage assay. Int Dairy J, 51, 16-23.
  • 17.Lund BM., Gould GW., Rampling AM., 2002. Pasteurization of milk and the heat resistance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a critical review of the data. Int J Food Microbiol, 77, 135-145.
  • 18.Donaghy JA., Totton NL., Rowe MT., 2003. Evaluation of culture media for the recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from Cheddar cheese. Lett Appl Microbiol, 37, 285-291.
  • 19.Donaghy JA., Rowe MT., Rademaker JLW., Hammer P., Herman L., De Jonghe V., Blanchard B., Duhem K., Vindel E., 2008. An inter-laboratory ring trial for the detection and isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from raw milk artificially contaminated with naturally infected faeces. Food Microbiol, 25, 128-135.
  • 20. Slana I., Kralik P., Kralova A., Pavlik I., 2008. On-farm spread of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk studied by IS900 and F57 competitive real time quantitative PCR and culture examination. Int J Food Microbiol, 128(2), 250-257.
  • 21.Bradner LK., 2013. Optimization of methods for culturing Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine milk and colostrum and application to samples collected from naturally infected dairy cows. Iowa State University, Graduate Theses and Dissertations, USA.
  • 22.Timms VJ., Gehringer MM., Mitchell HM., Daskalopoulos G., Neilan BA., 2011. How accurately can we detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection? J Microbiol Methods, 85, 1-8.
  • 23.Lacy A., O’Kennedy R., 2005. Immunoassay, Techniques. In ‘‘Encyclopedia of Analytical Science’’ Ed., Worsfold P, Townshend A, Poole C, 335-344, Elsevier Academic, San Diego.
  • 24.Meylan M., Rings DM., Shulaw WP., Kowalski JJ., Bech-Nielsen S., Hoffsis GF., 1996. Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and preservation of immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum under experimental conditions simulating pasteurization. Am J Vet Res, 57(11), 1580-1585.
  • 25.Sweeney RW., Whitlock RH., Buckley CL., Spencer P., Rosenberger AE., Hutchinson LJ., 1994. Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk. Am J Vet Res, 55(7), 905-909.
  • 26.Cazer CL., Mitchell RM., Cicconi-Hogan KM., Gamroth M., Richert RM., Ruegg PL., Schukken YH., 2013. Associations between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies in bulk tank milk, season of sampling and protocols for managing infected cows. BMC Vet Res, 9(234), 1-7.
  • 27.Nielsen SS., Toft N., 2014. Bulk tank milk ELISA for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: Correlationbetween repeated tests and within-herd antibody-prevalence. Prev Vet Med, 113, 96-102.
  • 28.Beaver A., Cazer CL., Ruegg PL., Gröhn YT., Schukken YH., 2016. Implications of PCR and ELISA results on the routes of bulk-tank contamination with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci, 99(2), 1391-1405.
  • 29.Pinedo PJ., Williams JE., Monif GRG., Rae DO., Buergelt CD., 2008. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Shedding Into Milk: Association of ELISA Seroactivity With DNA Detection in Milk. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med, 6(2), 137-144.
  • 30.Ferreira R., Fonseca LS., Lilenbaum W., 2002. Agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) evaluation for detection of bovine paratuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol, 35, 173-175.
  • 31.Çetinkaya B., Muz A., Ertaş HB., Öngör H., Sezen İY., Gülcü HB, 2000. Süt İneklerinde Paratüberküloz Prevalansının Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) ile Saptanması. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 24, 371-379.
  • 32.Donaghy JA., Johnston J., Rowe MT., 2011. Detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in cheese, milk powder and milk using IS900 and f57-based qPCR assays. J Appl Microbiol, 110(2), 479-489.
  • 33.Grant IR., Rees CED., 2010. Mycobacterium. In ‘‘Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogen’’, Ed., Liu D, 229-240, CRC Press, London.
  • 34.Giese SB., Ahrens P., 2000. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk from clinically affected cows by PCR and culture. Vet Microbiol, 77, 291-297.
  • 35.Djønne B., Jensen MR., Grant IR., Holstad G., 2003. Detection by immunomagnetic PCR of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk from dairy goats in Norway. Vet Microbiol, 92, 135-143.
  • 36.Pillai SR., Jayarao BM., 2002. Application of IS900 PCR for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis directly from raw milk. J Dairy Sci, 85(5), 1052-1057.
  • 37.Gilardoni LR., Fernandez B., Morsella C., Mendez L., Jar AM., Paolicchi FA., Mundo L., 2016. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis detection in cow’s milk in Argentina by immunomagnetic separation-PCR. Braz J Microbiol, 47(2), 506-512.
  • 38.Galiero A., Fratini F., Mataragka A., Turchi B., Nuvoloni R., Ikonomopoulos J., Cerri D., 2016. Detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cheeses from small ruminants in Tuscany. Int J Food Microbiol, 217, 195-199.
  • 39.Botsaris G., Swift BMC., Slana I., Liapi M., Christodoulou M., Hatzitofi M., Christodoulou V., Rees CED., 2016. Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula by phage-PCR and confirmed by culture. Int J Food Microbiol, 216, 91-94.
  • 40.Botsaris G., Liapi M., Kakogiannis C., Dodd CER., Rees CED., 2013. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bulk tank milk by combined phage-PCR assay: Evidence that plaque number is a good predictor of MAP. Int J Food Microbiol, 164, 76-80.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis’in Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 380 - 388, 25.12.2018

Nihat Telli Ahmet Güner

https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.327611

Öz

Mycobacterium avium kompleksi üyelerinden olan Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) çok çeşitli hayvan türlerinde Johne hastalığının (paratüberkülozis) etiyolojik etkenidir. Paratüberkülozun klinik belirtilerini gösteren ve asemptomatik taşıyıcı hayvanlar etkeni süt, dışkı ve spermleriyle yaymaktadırlar. Süt direkt olarak etkeni taşıyabildiği gibi özellikle dışkı kaynaklı indirekt bulaşmalar da gerçekleşebilmektedir. Sütün yanı sıra peynir, yoğurt, krema, tereyağı, dondurma vb. süt ürünleri de etkeni taşıyabilmektedir. Süt sığırlarındaki Johne hastalığı ile insanlarda görülen Crohn hastalığı insidenslerinde dünya genelinde artış görülmektedir. Yüksek klinik ve patolojik benzerlikler bulunan bu hastalıklar arasındaki olası ilişkide gıdaların rolünün yorumlanmasında ve güvenilir sonuçlar alınmasında MAP’ın süt ve süt ürünlerinde tespit yöntemleri önem arz etmektedir. Bu amaçla süt ve süt ürünlerinde Ziehl-Neelsen boyama, floresan mikroskop, katı faz sitometri ve biyolüminesans gibi direkt tanı ve kültür yöntemleri ile MAP etkenleri araştırılabilmektedir. Bu yöntemlerin yanı sıra radyoimmün testler (RIA), enzim bağlı immün testler (ELISA), agar jel immünodifüzyon testi (AGID) ve komplement fiksasyon testi (CF test) gibi serolojik teknikler ve polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR), nükleik asit hibridizasyonu, immunomagnetic separation PCR, Nested PCR, Real-Time PCR gibi moleküler teknikler veya bu tekniklerin kombinasyonlarıyla hızlı tanı yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Crohn hastalığı Johne hastalığı Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Kaynakça

  • 1. Behling RG., Eifert J., Erickson MC., Gurtler JB., Kornacki JL., Line E., Radcliff R., Ryser ET., Stawick B., Yan Z., 2010. Selected Pathogens of Concern to Industrial Food Processors: Infectious, Toxigenic, Toxico Infectious, Selected Emerging Pathogenic Bacteria. In ‘‘Principles of Microbiological Troubleshooting in the Industrial Food Processing Environment’’ Ed., JL Kornacki, 5-62, Springer Science Business Media, New York.
  • 2.Hermon-Taylor J., Bull TJ., Sheridan JM., Cheng J., Stellakis ML., Sumar N., 2000. Causation of Crohn’s disease by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Can J Gastroenterol, 14(6), 521-539.
  • 3.Harris NB., Barletta RG., 2001. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Veterinary Medicine. Clin Microbiol Rev, 14(3), 489-512.
  • 4.Windsor PA., 2015. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats. Vet Microbiol, 181, 161-169.
  • 5.Hermon-Taylor J., El-Zaatari FAK., 2004. The Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis problem and its relation to the causation of Crohn disease. In ‘‘World Health Organization, Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water: A Guide to Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management’’, Ed., Pedley S, Bartram J, Rees G, Dufour A, Cotruvo J, 74-94, IWA Publishing, London.
  • 6.Grant IR., Rowe MT., Dundee L., Hitchings E., 2001. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: its incidence, heat resistance and detection in milk and dairy products. Int J Dairy Technol, 54, 2-13.
  • 7.McAloon CG., Whyte P., More SJ., Green MJ., O’Grady L., Garcia A., Doherty ML., 2015. The effect of paratuberculosis on milk yield-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 99, 1449-1460.
  • 8.Geraghty T., Grahamb DA., Mullowneyc P., More SJ., 2014. A review of bovine Johne’s disease control activities in 6 endemically infected countries. Prev Vet Med, 116, 1-11.
  • 9.Ailsa LH., Siew CN., 2015. Crohn’s Disease. Medicine, 43(5), 282-290.
  • 10.Güner A., 2004. Crohn Hastalığının Etiyolojisinde Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis)’in Rolü ve Besinlerle Bulaşma Riski. E.Ü. Journal of Health Sciences, 13(1), 48-54.
  • 11.Laass MW., Roggenbuck D., Conrad K., 2014. Diagnosis and classification of Crohn's disease. Autoimmun Rev, 13, 467-471.
  • 12.Davis WC., Madsen-Bouterse SA., 2012. Crohn’s disease and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: The need for a study is long overdue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 145, 1-6.
  • 13.Patel A., Shah N., 2011. Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis-Incidences in milk and milk products, their isolation, enumeration, characterization, and role in human health. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 44, 473-479.
  • 14.Slana I., Paolicchi F., Janstova B., Navratilova P., Pavlik I., 2008. Detection methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and milk products: a review. Vet Med-Czech, 53(6), 283-306.
  • 15.Botsaris G., Slana I., Liapi M., Dodd C., Economides C., Rees C., Pavlik I., 2010. Rapid detection methods for viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk and cheese. Int J Food Microbiol, 141, 87-90.
  • 16.Foddai ACG., Grant IR., 2015. An optimised milk testing protocol to ensure accurate enumeration of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by the PMS-phage assay. Int Dairy J, 51, 16-23.
  • 17.Lund BM., Gould GW., Rampling AM., 2002. Pasteurization of milk and the heat resistance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a critical review of the data. Int J Food Microbiol, 77, 135-145.
  • 18.Donaghy JA., Totton NL., Rowe MT., 2003. Evaluation of culture media for the recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from Cheddar cheese. Lett Appl Microbiol, 37, 285-291.
  • 19.Donaghy JA., Rowe MT., Rademaker JLW., Hammer P., Herman L., De Jonghe V., Blanchard B., Duhem K., Vindel E., 2008. An inter-laboratory ring trial for the detection and isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from raw milk artificially contaminated with naturally infected faeces. Food Microbiol, 25, 128-135.
  • 20. Slana I., Kralik P., Kralova A., Pavlik I., 2008. On-farm spread of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk studied by IS900 and F57 competitive real time quantitative PCR and culture examination. Int J Food Microbiol, 128(2), 250-257.
  • 21.Bradner LK., 2013. Optimization of methods for culturing Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine milk and colostrum and application to samples collected from naturally infected dairy cows. Iowa State University, Graduate Theses and Dissertations, USA.
  • 22.Timms VJ., Gehringer MM., Mitchell HM., Daskalopoulos G., Neilan BA., 2011. How accurately can we detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection? J Microbiol Methods, 85, 1-8.
  • 23.Lacy A., O’Kennedy R., 2005. Immunoassay, Techniques. In ‘‘Encyclopedia of Analytical Science’’ Ed., Worsfold P, Townshend A, Poole C, 335-344, Elsevier Academic, San Diego.
  • 24.Meylan M., Rings DM., Shulaw WP., Kowalski JJ., Bech-Nielsen S., Hoffsis GF., 1996. Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and preservation of immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum under experimental conditions simulating pasteurization. Am J Vet Res, 57(11), 1580-1585.
  • 25.Sweeney RW., Whitlock RH., Buckley CL., Spencer P., Rosenberger AE., Hutchinson LJ., 1994. Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk. Am J Vet Res, 55(7), 905-909.
  • 26.Cazer CL., Mitchell RM., Cicconi-Hogan KM., Gamroth M., Richert RM., Ruegg PL., Schukken YH., 2013. Associations between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies in bulk tank milk, season of sampling and protocols for managing infected cows. BMC Vet Res, 9(234), 1-7.
  • 27.Nielsen SS., Toft N., 2014. Bulk tank milk ELISA for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: Correlationbetween repeated tests and within-herd antibody-prevalence. Prev Vet Med, 113, 96-102.
  • 28.Beaver A., Cazer CL., Ruegg PL., Gröhn YT., Schukken YH., 2016. Implications of PCR and ELISA results on the routes of bulk-tank contamination with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci, 99(2), 1391-1405.
  • 29.Pinedo PJ., Williams JE., Monif GRG., Rae DO., Buergelt CD., 2008. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Shedding Into Milk: Association of ELISA Seroactivity With DNA Detection in Milk. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med, 6(2), 137-144.
  • 30.Ferreira R., Fonseca LS., Lilenbaum W., 2002. Agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) evaluation for detection of bovine paratuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol, 35, 173-175.
  • 31.Çetinkaya B., Muz A., Ertaş HB., Öngör H., Sezen İY., Gülcü HB, 2000. Süt İneklerinde Paratüberküloz Prevalansının Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) ile Saptanması. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 24, 371-379.
  • 32.Donaghy JA., Johnston J., Rowe MT., 2011. Detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in cheese, milk powder and milk using IS900 and f57-based qPCR assays. J Appl Microbiol, 110(2), 479-489.
  • 33.Grant IR., Rees CED., 2010. Mycobacterium. In ‘‘Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogen’’, Ed., Liu D, 229-240, CRC Press, London.
  • 34.Giese SB., Ahrens P., 2000. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk from clinically affected cows by PCR and culture. Vet Microbiol, 77, 291-297.
  • 35.Djønne B., Jensen MR., Grant IR., Holstad G., 2003. Detection by immunomagnetic PCR of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk from dairy goats in Norway. Vet Microbiol, 92, 135-143.
  • 36.Pillai SR., Jayarao BM., 2002. Application of IS900 PCR for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis directly from raw milk. J Dairy Sci, 85(5), 1052-1057.
  • 37.Gilardoni LR., Fernandez B., Morsella C., Mendez L., Jar AM., Paolicchi FA., Mundo L., 2016. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis detection in cow’s milk in Argentina by immunomagnetic separation-PCR. Braz J Microbiol, 47(2), 506-512.
  • 38.Galiero A., Fratini F., Mataragka A., Turchi B., Nuvoloni R., Ikonomopoulos J., Cerri D., 2016. Detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cheeses from small ruminants in Tuscany. Int J Food Microbiol, 217, 195-199.
  • 39.Botsaris G., Swift BMC., Slana I., Liapi M., Christodoulou M., Hatzitofi M., Christodoulou V., Rees CED., 2016. Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula by phage-PCR and confirmed by culture. Int J Food Microbiol, 216, 91-94.
  • 40.Botsaris G., Liapi M., Kakogiannis C., Dodd CER., Rees CED., 2013. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bulk tank milk by combined phage-PCR assay: Evidence that plaque number is a good predictor of MAP. Int J Food Microbiol, 164, 76-80.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Nihat Telli

Ahmet Güner

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Telli, N., & Güner, A. (2018). Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis’in Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 380-388. https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.327611
AMA Telli N, Güner A. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis’in Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. Aralık 2018;13(3):380-388. doi:10.17094/ataunivbd.327611
Chicago Telli, Nihat, ve Ahmet Güner. “Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis’in Süt Ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 13, sy. 3 (Aralık 2018): 380-88. https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.327611.
EndNote Telli N, Güner A (01 Aralık 2018) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis’in Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 13 3 380–388.
IEEE N. Telli ve A. Güner, “Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis’in Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 3, ss. 380–388, 2018, doi: 10.17094/ataunivbd.327611.
ISNAD Telli, Nihat - Güner, Ahmet. “Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis’in Süt Ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 13/3 (Aralık 2018), 380-388. https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.327611.
JAMA Telli N, Güner A. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis’in Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;13:380–388.
MLA Telli, Nihat ve Ahmet Güner. “Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis’in Süt Ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 3, 2018, ss. 380-8, doi:10.17094/ataunivbd.327611.
Vancouver Telli N, Güner A. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis’in Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;13(3):380-8.