Öz
Hıristiyanlıkta özel bir yeri bulunan manastır yaşamının Batı’daki en önemli temsilcisi konumunda olan kişi Aziz Benedikt’tir (480-547). Benedikt, kaleme aldığı manastır nizamnamesiyle (Regula Benedicti) kendilerini münzevi yaşama adamış kimseler için bir model oluşturarak Orta Çağ Batı dünyasında büyük bir etki yaratmıştır. Benedikt, Doğu manastır geleneğinde var olan bekârlık, iffet, alçakgönüllülük, itaat, istikrar, sessizlik gibi birçok değeri benimseyip, bunları özgün bir şekilde ele almıştır. Ayrıca Benedikt, bu ilkeleri sağduyu ve daha insancıl bir sistemle birleştirmiş ve bu ilkeleri Batı şartlarına uyarlayarak takipçilerine daha ılımlı bir asketik yaşam modeli sunmuştur. 1500 yıl sürecek bir manastır geleneğinin oluşmasına doğrudan etki edecek bu kapsamlı ve tutarlı nizamname ile Benedikt, manastır yaşamını farklı bir boyuta taşımıştır. Benedikt, özellikle vurguladığı çalışma, dua ve ibadet eksenli bir manastır yaşamı inşa etmesiyle de Batı manastır geleneğinin gelişimine ve kurumsallaşmasına büyük ölçüde katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu sebeple “Batı manastırcılığının babası” unvanını alan Benedikt, aynı zamanda 24 Ekim 1964’te Papa VI. Paul tarafından Avrupa’nın koruyucu azizi olarak ilan edilmiş ve 2005 yılında XVI. Benedikt unvanını alan Joseph Ratzinger’e kadar pek çok Papa tarafından ismi kullanılarak onurlandırılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Aziz Benedikt Hıristiyanlık Orta Çağ Batı Manastırcılığı Asketizm Benedikt Kuralı
Kaynakça
- Algar, Hamid. “Hâcegân”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.14, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1996.
- Atwell, Robert. “Benedictine Hospitality”, The Oblate Life: A Handbook for Spiritual Formation içinde Gervase Holdaway (edit.), 187-193, Norwich: Canterbury Press, 2008.
- Bekker, Corné J.. “Leading With the Head Bowed Down: Lessons in Leadership Humility from the Rule of St. Benedict of Nursia”, Inner Resources for Leaders, School of Business & Leadership, Regent University, 1/3 (2010): 1-10.
- Best, Harold M.. Unceasing Worship: Biblical Perspectives on Worship and the Arts, Downers Grove, Illinois: IVP Books, 2003.
- Böckmann, Aquinata. “RB 5: Benedict’s Chapter On Obedience”, The American Benedictine Review, 45/2 (1994): 109-130.
- Bruce, Scott G.. Silence and Sign: Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, c. 900-1200, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Bruce, Scott G. “The Origins of Cistercian Sign Language”, Commentarii Cistercienses, 52, (2001): 193-209.
- Butler, Cuthbert. Benedictine Monachism Studies In Benedictine Life And Rule, London: Longman Green And Co., 1919.
- Casey, Michael. Truthful Living: Saint Benedict’s Teaching on Humility, Leominster: Gracewing, 2001.
- Cassian, John. Conferences, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-2, C.11, Edinburgh: T&T Clarke, 1994-98.
- Cassian, John. Institutes, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-2, C.11, Edinburgh: T&T Clarke, 1994-98.
- Chadwick, Henry. The Sentences Of Sextus: A Contribution To The History Of Early Christian Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.
- Chan, Simon. Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life, Downers Grove, Ill: InterVarsity Press, 1998.
- Coffin, Lorane. “Hospitality: An Orientation To Benedictine Spirituality”, The American Benedictine Review, 39/1 (1988):50-71.
- Çağrıcı, Mustafa. “Cömertlik”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.8, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1993.
- Delatte, Paul The Rule of St. Benedict: A Commentary. trc.: Justin McCann, London: Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1921.
- Derin, Süleyman. “Benedict’in The Rule İsimli Eseri Çerçevesinde Ruhbanlık ve Tekke Hayatına Bir Bakış”, Tasavvuf: İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, İstanbul: İSTAM, 12/27 (2011): 219-252.
- Doğruyol, Hasan. “Kaylûle”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.25, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2002.
- Donnelly, Doris. “Listening And The Rule Of St. Benedict”, The American Benedictine Review, 46/2 (1995): 169-182.
- Doyle, Francis Cuthbert. The Teaching of St. Benedict, London: Burns & Oates-New York: Catholic Publication Society, 1887.
- Dreuille, Mayeul de. The Rule of Saint Benedict and the Ascetic Traditions from Asia to the West. trc.: Mark Hargreaves, Leominster: Gracewing, 2000.
- Eberle, Luke, trc. Rule Of The Master, Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1977.
- Feiss, Hugh. “A Life of Listening Benedict’s Rule Became the Gold Standard of Monastic Life”, Christian History & Biography, 93 (2007): 16-19.
- Fetter, Karen. “Hospitality in Communication: Applying the Rule of Saint Benedict to the Home”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Duquesne University, 2017.
- Forman, Mary. “Scripture And RB As Sources Of Benedictine Spirituality”, The American Benedictine Review, 39/1 (1988): 85-101.
- Fortin, John R.. “Saint Augustine’s Letter 211 in The Rule of the Master and The Rule of Saint Benedict”, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 14/2 (2006): 225-234.
- Foulcher, Jane. Reclaiming Humility: Four Studies in the Monastic Tradition, Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2015.
- Fry, Timothy. RB 1980: The Rule of St. Benedict In Latin and English with Notes, Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1981.
- Great, Gregory the. The Dialogues of Saint Gregory, trc.: Edmund G. Gardner, London: Philip Lee Warner, 1911.
- Hannay, James O.. The Spirit And Origin Of Christian Monasticism, London: Methuen & Co., 1903.
- Hildebrand, Stephen M.. “Oboedientia And Oboedire In The Rule Of St. Benedict: A Study Of Their Theological And Monastic Meanings”, The American Benedictine Review, 52/4 (2001): 421-436.
- Howard, Evan B.. Reading the Christian Spiritual Classics: A Guide for Evangelicals, Jamin Goggin, Kyle C. Strobel (edit.), Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2013.
- Kaelber, Walter O. “Asceticism”, Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition, vol.1, Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.
- Kardong, Terrence. “Hard Obedience: Benedict’s Chapter 68 and Beyond”, Regulae Benedicti Studia, 12 (1986): 193-202.
- Kardong, Terrence. “The Abbot as Leader,” The American Benedictine Review, 42/1 (1991): 53-73.
- Kodell, Jerome. “The Monk and Impossible Tasks”, The American Benedictine Review, 58/4 (2007): 376-381.
- Kuşeyrî, Ebü'l-Kasım Zeynülislam Abdülkerim b. Hevazin. Risale-i Kuşeyriye, trc.: Ali Arslan, İstanbul: Arslan Yayınları, 1980.
- Lawrence, Clifford H.. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, New York: Longman, 1989.
- Muir, Ross W.. “Recovering Silence”, Canadian Mennonite, Waterloo, Ontario: Canadian Mennonite, 10/18 (Eylül 2006): 6-9.
- O’Gorman, Kevin D.. “The Legacy of Monastic Hospitality: 1 The Rule of Benedict and Rise of Western Monastic Hospitality”, Hospitality Review, 8/3 (2006): 35-44.
- Pearson, Paul M.. “Hospitality to the Stranger: Thomas Merton and St. Benedict's Exhortation to Welcome the Stranger as Christ” The American Benedictine Review, 62/1 (2011): 27-41.
- Raverty, Aaron. “Hospitality in the Benedictine Monastic Tradition”, REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 20/38 (2012): 251-255.
- Scheiba, Manuela. “Learning to Pray: A Journey through Benedict’s Chapter on Humility”, The American Benedictine Review, 64/2 (2013): 118-137.
- Sharma, Arvind. “Obedience”, Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition, vol.10, Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.
- Seeburger, Francis. “Humility, Maturity, and the Fear of God: Reflections on RB 7”, The American Benedictine Review, 46/2 (1995): 149-168.
- Semerkandî, Ebü’l-Leys. Tenbihü'l-Gafilin, trc.: Yaman Arıkan, İstanbul: Uyanış Yayınevi, 1987.
- Smaragdus, Commentary On The Rule Of Saint Benedict, trc.: David Barry, Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2007.
- Stewart, Columba. “Prayer Among The Benedictines”, A History of Prayer The First to the Fifteenth Century içinde, 199–221, edit.: Roy Hammerling Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008.
- Stum, Jake. “Twelve Steps Toward Leader Humility: A Sociorhetorical Analysis of Benedict of Nursia’s Chapter on Humility”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, School of Business & Leadership Regent University, 2014.
- Sühreverdî, Ebu Hafs Şehabeddin Ömer b. Muhammed. Tasavvufun Esasları: Avarifü’l-Maarif, trc.: Hasan Kamil Yılmaz, İrfan Gündüz, İstanbul: Erkam Yayınları, 1993.
- Theisen, Jerome. “Personal Prayer in the Rule of Benedict”, The American Benedictine Review, 40/3 (1989): 291-303.
- Tomaine, Jane. St. Benedict’s Toolbox: The Nuts and Bolts of Everyday Benedictine Living, New York: Morehouse Publishing, 2005.
- Uludağ, Süleyman. “Mücâhede”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.31, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2006.
- Uludağ, Süleyman. “Ruhbanlık ve Tasavvuf”, Tasavvuf: İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, İstanbul: İSTAM, 13 (2004): 9-24.
- Vest, Norvene. Desiring Life: Benedict on Wisdom and the Good Life, Cowley Publications, 2000.
- Vest, Norvene. Preferring Christ, A Devotional Commentary on the Rule of St. Benedict, Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Pub., 2004.
- Yılmaz, Ömer, Alman Mistik Düşüncesi, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
- Wathen, Ambrose G.. Silence: The Meaning of Silence in the Rule of St. Benedict, Washington: Cistercian Publications, 1973.
- Wagner, M. Monica, Ascetical Works St. Basil, Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1962.
Öz
St. Benedict (480-547) is the most important representative of the monastery life in the West, which has a special place in Christianity. With the monastery regulations (Regula Benedicti) he wrote, Benedict made a great impact in the medieval Western world by creating a model for those who devoted themselves to ascetic life. Benedict adopted many values such as celibacy, chastity, humility, obedience, stability, and silence in the Eastern monastery tradition and handled them in a unique way. In addition, Benedict combined these principles with common sense and a more humane system, and adapted these principles to Western conditions and offered a more moderate ascetic life model to its followers. With this comprehensive and consistent regulation that will directly affect the formation of a 1500-year-old monastery tradition, Benedict had taken the monastery life to a different dimension. Benedict especially contributed greatly to the development and institutionalization of the Western monastery tradition by building a monastic life centered on work, prayer, and worship. For this reason, Benedict, who received the title of “father of the western monastery” was also declared as the “patron saint of Europe” by Pope Paul VI on 24 October 1964 and was honored by many Popes, including Joseph Ratzinger, who finally received the title Benedict XVI in 2005. In this study, we will try to explain the role of the basic ascetic teachings that Aziz Benedict handled within the framework of the Rule book (Regula Benedicti), in the shaping of monastic life, on which aspects of ascetic life contributed to the institutionalization of monastic life.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Christianity Middle Age Western Monasticism Asceticism St. Benedict Rule of St. Benedict
Kaynakça
- Algar, Hamid. “Hâcegân”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.14, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1996.
- Atwell, Robert. “Benedictine Hospitality”, The Oblate Life: A Handbook for Spiritual Formation içinde Gervase Holdaway (edit.), 187-193, Norwich: Canterbury Press, 2008.
- Bekker, Corné J.. “Leading With the Head Bowed Down: Lessons in Leadership Humility from the Rule of St. Benedict of Nursia”, Inner Resources for Leaders, School of Business & Leadership, Regent University, 1/3 (2010): 1-10.
- Best, Harold M.. Unceasing Worship: Biblical Perspectives on Worship and the Arts, Downers Grove, Illinois: IVP Books, 2003.
- Böckmann, Aquinata. “RB 5: Benedict’s Chapter On Obedience”, The American Benedictine Review, 45/2 (1994): 109-130.
- Bruce, Scott G.. Silence and Sign: Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, c. 900-1200, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Bruce, Scott G. “The Origins of Cistercian Sign Language”, Commentarii Cistercienses, 52, (2001): 193-209.
- Butler, Cuthbert. Benedictine Monachism Studies In Benedictine Life And Rule, London: Longman Green And Co., 1919.
- Casey, Michael. Truthful Living: Saint Benedict’s Teaching on Humility, Leominster: Gracewing, 2001.
- Cassian, John. Conferences, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-2, C.11, Edinburgh: T&T Clarke, 1994-98.
- Cassian, John. Institutes, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-2, C.11, Edinburgh: T&T Clarke, 1994-98.
- Chadwick, Henry. The Sentences Of Sextus: A Contribution To The History Of Early Christian Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.
- Chan, Simon. Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life, Downers Grove, Ill: InterVarsity Press, 1998.
- Coffin, Lorane. “Hospitality: An Orientation To Benedictine Spirituality”, The American Benedictine Review, 39/1 (1988):50-71.
- Çağrıcı, Mustafa. “Cömertlik”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.8, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1993.
- Delatte, Paul The Rule of St. Benedict: A Commentary. trc.: Justin McCann, London: Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1921.
- Derin, Süleyman. “Benedict’in The Rule İsimli Eseri Çerçevesinde Ruhbanlık ve Tekke Hayatına Bir Bakış”, Tasavvuf: İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, İstanbul: İSTAM, 12/27 (2011): 219-252.
- Doğruyol, Hasan. “Kaylûle”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.25, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2002.
- Donnelly, Doris. “Listening And The Rule Of St. Benedict”, The American Benedictine Review, 46/2 (1995): 169-182.
- Doyle, Francis Cuthbert. The Teaching of St. Benedict, London: Burns & Oates-New York: Catholic Publication Society, 1887.
- Dreuille, Mayeul de. The Rule of Saint Benedict and the Ascetic Traditions from Asia to the West. trc.: Mark Hargreaves, Leominster: Gracewing, 2000.
- Eberle, Luke, trc. Rule Of The Master, Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1977.
- Feiss, Hugh. “A Life of Listening Benedict’s Rule Became the Gold Standard of Monastic Life”, Christian History & Biography, 93 (2007): 16-19.
- Fetter, Karen. “Hospitality in Communication: Applying the Rule of Saint Benedict to the Home”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Duquesne University, 2017.
- Forman, Mary. “Scripture And RB As Sources Of Benedictine Spirituality”, The American Benedictine Review, 39/1 (1988): 85-101.
- Fortin, John R.. “Saint Augustine’s Letter 211 in The Rule of the Master and The Rule of Saint Benedict”, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 14/2 (2006): 225-234.
- Foulcher, Jane. Reclaiming Humility: Four Studies in the Monastic Tradition, Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2015.
- Fry, Timothy. RB 1980: The Rule of St. Benedict In Latin and English with Notes, Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1981.
- Great, Gregory the. The Dialogues of Saint Gregory, trc.: Edmund G. Gardner, London: Philip Lee Warner, 1911.
- Hannay, James O.. The Spirit And Origin Of Christian Monasticism, London: Methuen & Co., 1903.
- Hildebrand, Stephen M.. “Oboedientia And Oboedire In The Rule Of St. Benedict: A Study Of Their Theological And Monastic Meanings”, The American Benedictine Review, 52/4 (2001): 421-436.
- Howard, Evan B.. Reading the Christian Spiritual Classics: A Guide for Evangelicals, Jamin Goggin, Kyle C. Strobel (edit.), Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2013.
- Kaelber, Walter O. “Asceticism”, Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition, vol.1, Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.
- Kardong, Terrence. “Hard Obedience: Benedict’s Chapter 68 and Beyond”, Regulae Benedicti Studia, 12 (1986): 193-202.
- Kardong, Terrence. “The Abbot as Leader,” The American Benedictine Review, 42/1 (1991): 53-73.
- Kodell, Jerome. “The Monk and Impossible Tasks”, The American Benedictine Review, 58/4 (2007): 376-381.
- Kuşeyrî, Ebü'l-Kasım Zeynülislam Abdülkerim b. Hevazin. Risale-i Kuşeyriye, trc.: Ali Arslan, İstanbul: Arslan Yayınları, 1980.
- Lawrence, Clifford H.. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, New York: Longman, 1989.
- Muir, Ross W.. “Recovering Silence”, Canadian Mennonite, Waterloo, Ontario: Canadian Mennonite, 10/18 (Eylül 2006): 6-9.
- O’Gorman, Kevin D.. “The Legacy of Monastic Hospitality: 1 The Rule of Benedict and Rise of Western Monastic Hospitality”, Hospitality Review, 8/3 (2006): 35-44.
- Pearson, Paul M.. “Hospitality to the Stranger: Thomas Merton and St. Benedict's Exhortation to Welcome the Stranger as Christ” The American Benedictine Review, 62/1 (2011): 27-41.
- Raverty, Aaron. “Hospitality in the Benedictine Monastic Tradition”, REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 20/38 (2012): 251-255.
- Scheiba, Manuela. “Learning to Pray: A Journey through Benedict’s Chapter on Humility”, The American Benedictine Review, 64/2 (2013): 118-137.
- Sharma, Arvind. “Obedience”, Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition, vol.10, Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.
- Seeburger, Francis. “Humility, Maturity, and the Fear of God: Reflections on RB 7”, The American Benedictine Review, 46/2 (1995): 149-168.
- Semerkandî, Ebü’l-Leys. Tenbihü'l-Gafilin, trc.: Yaman Arıkan, İstanbul: Uyanış Yayınevi, 1987.
- Smaragdus, Commentary On The Rule Of Saint Benedict, trc.: David Barry, Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2007.
- Stewart, Columba. “Prayer Among The Benedictines”, A History of Prayer The First to the Fifteenth Century içinde, 199–221, edit.: Roy Hammerling Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008.
- Stum, Jake. “Twelve Steps Toward Leader Humility: A Sociorhetorical Analysis of Benedict of Nursia’s Chapter on Humility”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, School of Business & Leadership Regent University, 2014.
- Sühreverdî, Ebu Hafs Şehabeddin Ömer b. Muhammed. Tasavvufun Esasları: Avarifü’l-Maarif, trc.: Hasan Kamil Yılmaz, İrfan Gündüz, İstanbul: Erkam Yayınları, 1993.
- Theisen, Jerome. “Personal Prayer in the Rule of Benedict”, The American Benedictine Review, 40/3 (1989): 291-303.
- Tomaine, Jane. St. Benedict’s Toolbox: The Nuts and Bolts of Everyday Benedictine Living, New York: Morehouse Publishing, 2005.
- Uludağ, Süleyman. “Mücâhede”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.31, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2006.
- Uludağ, Süleyman. “Ruhbanlık ve Tasavvuf”, Tasavvuf: İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, İstanbul: İSTAM, 13 (2004): 9-24.
- Vest, Norvene. Desiring Life: Benedict on Wisdom and the Good Life, Cowley Publications, 2000.
- Vest, Norvene. Preferring Christ, A Devotional Commentary on the Rule of St. Benedict, Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Pub., 2004.
- Yılmaz, Ömer, Alman Mistik Düşüncesi, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
- Wathen, Ambrose G.. Silence: The Meaning of Silence in the Rule of St. Benedict, Washington: Cistercian Publications, 1973.
- Wagner, M. Monica, Ascetical Works St. Basil, Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1962.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Din Araştırmaları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Haziran 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Sayı: 8 |
Kaynak Göster
Cited By
Tanrı’ya Adanmış Bir Hayat: Hıristiyan Manastır Yeminleri
Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.912944
- Makale Dosyaları