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A Heated Controversy in the Second/Eighth Century: Khalq al-Qurʾān (The Createdness of Qurʾān)

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 69 - 92, 06.08.2020

Abstract

Throughout Islam’s theology, the issue of createdness of Qurʾān - which results from the discourse of the denial of divine attributes and which was first raised as a question by Jaʿd b. Dirham and followed by Jahm b. Ṣafwān and Bishr b. Ghiyāth al-Marīsī- has been one of the oldest debates raging within the Islamic scholarly circles. When political conspiracies were involved in the issue, the debate became even fiercer and led to bloodshed and torture among Muslim communities causing death to many eminent scholars in the 2nd/8th century. One of the reasons why all these debates did not reach a conclusion is that the concepts had not been sufficiently analyzed and the attribution of false or different meanings to the same concepts under discussion. Each sect or group attempted to resolve the issue within the framework of their own background, cultural structure and most importantly, their own principles. The different views put forward on the issue of createdness of Qurʾān are largely related to the kalām attribute, and it is based on the acceptance of the kalām as a essential (dhātī) and active (fi‘lī) attribute. Although the explanations are different, all sect or group accept that the Qurʾān is a divine book sent to people by God.

Thanks

This study is the revised and expanded version of the seminar work prepared in the doctoral period. I am grateful to Associated Professor Harun Çağlayan and Dr. Abdullah Demir who have read and contributed to the early draft of this work.

References

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  • ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī. Usūl al-dīn. Critical ed. Dār al-Funūn. Istanbul: State Printing Office, 1346/1928.
  • Abū Zahrā, Muḥammad. Aḥmed ibn H̩anbal. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʽArabī, 1947.
  • Abū Zahrā, Muḥammad. Imam Shafīʽī. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʽArabī, 1948.
  • Abū Zahrā, Muḥammad. Tārikh al-Madhahib al-Islamiyya. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʽArabī, n.d.
  • Abū Zayd, Naṣr Ḥamid. Ilahi Hitabın Tabiati. trans. Mehmet Emin Maşalı. Ankara: Kitabiyat Yayınları, 2001.
  • Aḥmad Amīn. Ḍuḥā al-Islām. Beirut: s.n., 1351-1355/1933-1936.
  • Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. al-Radd ʽala al-Zanadiqah wa al-Jaḥmiyyah. Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Salafiyah wa Maktabiyah, 1393.
  • Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. al-ʿIlal wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl. Critical ed. Waṣiyyallāh b. Muḥammad ʿAbbās. Bombay, 1408/1988.
  • Akbulut, Ahmet. Müslüman Kültüründe Kur’an’a Yabancılaşma Süreci. Ankara: Otto, 2017.
  • al-Ashʿarī, Abū al-Ḥasan. Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn. Critical ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Maktab al-Nahdat al-Misriyya, 1950.
  • al-Baqillānī, Kitāb Tamḥīd al-awāʾil wa-talkhīṣ al-dalāʾil. Critical ed. ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḥaydar. Beirut: s.n., 1993.
  • Çelik, Ali. “Nuaym b. Hammâd”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 33/219. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2007.
  • al-Dārimī, Abū Saʿīd ʿUthmān b. Saʿīd. al-Radd ʿalā l-Jahmiyya. Critical ed. Gösta Vitestam. Leiden and Lund, 1960.
  • al-Ghazzālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad. Iḥyā' ʽulūm al-dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1982.
  • al-Ghazzālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad. Tahafut al-Falasifa. Critical ed. Ahmad Shams al-Din. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʽIlmiyah, 2000.
  • al-Ghazzālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad. al-Iqtiṣad fi al-ʿitiqad. s.l.: Dār al-Maktab al-Ḥilal, 2000.
  • al-Jazārī, Abdurahmān. Tawzih al-akāid fī Ilmi al-tawḥīd. s.l.: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Ḥaḍāratu al-Sharqiyya, 1932.
  • al-Juvaynī, Abdulmālik. Kitāb al-Irshād ilā qaw’id al-adille fī uṣul al-‘itikād. Critical ed. Muhammad Yusuf Mūsa - Alī Abdulmunīm Abdulhamīd. Cairo: al-Maktab al-Hanjī, 1959.
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  • al-Māturīdī, Abū Mansūr. Kitāb al-Tawhīd. Critical ed. Bekir Topaloğlu - Muhammad Aruçi. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2003.
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  • al-Nasafī Abū l-Muʿīn. al-Tamhīd fī usūl al-dīn. Critical ed. Abdulhay Kābīl. Cairo: Dār al-Sagāfa, 1987.
  • al-Nas̩afī, Abū l-Muʿīn. T̩abs̩īrat al-adilla. Critical ed. Hüseyin Atay – Şaban Ali Düzgün. 2 vols. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2003-2004.
  • Aslan, İbrahim. “Kelamullah Tartışmalarında Dilbilimsel İçeriği”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 51/1 (2010), 131-50.
  • Atvân, Hüseyin. al- Firaq al-Islāmīyah fī bilād al-Shām fī al-ʻaṣr al-Umawī. Amman: Dār al-Jīl, 1986. Ess, J. Van. “Ibn Kullāb und die Miḥna”. Oriens 18–9 (1965–6), 92–142.
  • Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. Khalq al-Qurʾān bayn al-Mutazilah wa-Ahl al-Sunnah. Ed. Aḥmad Hijāzī al-Sakkā. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1991.
  • Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. Muḥaṣṣal. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʽArabī, 1990.
  • Ibn al-Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAli b. al-Athīr. al-Kāmil fī l-tarīkh. ed. C.J. Tornberg. 14 vols. Beirut 1965-1967.
  • Ibn Qutaiba, Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdullāh. Kitāb al- Maʽarīf fī ahbār al-ʻarab wa-ansābihim II. Critical ed. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld. Gottingen, 1850.
  • Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī ad-Dīn Aḥmad. Majmūʿat al-rasāʾil wa-l masāʾilMecmuʽat al-Rasāil. Egypt: Matba’a al-Manār, 1964.
  • Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī ad-Dīn Aḥmad. al-Rasāil. Egypt, 1349.
  • İzmirli İsmail Hakkı. Yeni İlm-i Kelâm. Ankara: Umran Yayınları, 1981.
  • al-Jāḥiẓ, ʽAmr b. Baḥr al-Jāḥiẓ. Rasāʾil al-Jāḥiẓ. Critical ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. 4 vols. Cairo, 1979.
  • Judd, Steven C., “Jaʿd b. Dirham”. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Ed. Kate Fleet and et al. Consulted online on 07 October 2019 http://ekaynaklar.mkutup.gov.tr:2097/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30760
  • Judd, Steven. “Muslim Persecution of Heretics during the Marwānid Period (64–132/684–750)”. al-Masāq 23 (2011), 7–9.
  • Koçyiğit, Talat. Hadisçilerle Kelâmcılar Arasındaki Münakaşalar. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1969.
  • Martin, Richard C. “Createdness of the Qurʾān”. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Ed. Kate Fleet and et al. Consulted online on 07 October 2019 http://ekaynaklar.mkutup.gov.tr:2097/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24418
  • Martin, Richard C. “Createdness of the Qurʾān”. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, 1/467-471. Leiden–Boston–Köln: Brill, 2001.
  • Nawas, John A. “The Miḥna of 218 A. H./833 A. D. Revisited: An Empirical Study.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 116/ 4 (1996), 698-708.
  • Nawas, John. Al-Maʾmūn Miḥna and caliphate, Ph.D. diss., University of Nijmegen 1992.
  • Peters, Jan R. T. M. God’s Created Speech: A Study in the Speculative Theology of the Mu'tazilī Qādī l-qudāt Abū Hassan ʿAbd al-Jabbār bn. Ahmad al-Hamādanī. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976.
  • Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. Aḥmad al-Hamadhānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadlKitab al-Mughnī fī abvāb al-tawhīd wa al-‘adl. Critical ed. İbrahīm Madkur. Cairo, 1961-65.
  • Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. Aḥmad al-Hamadhānī. al-Muḥīt bi al-Taklīf. Critical ed. Omar al-Sayyīd ʻAzmī - Aḥmad Fuad al-Aḥvānī. Cairo: Dār al-Misriyya, n.d.
  • Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. Aḥmad al-Hamadhānī. Sharḥ al-Uṣûl al-KhamseSharḥ al-uṣūl al-khamsa. Critical ed. ʿAbd al-Karīm ʿUthmān. Cairo: Maktab al-Vahba, 1996.
  • Qāsimī, Jamāladdīn. Tarîḥu al-Jaḥmiyya wa al-Muʻtazila. Egypt, n.d.
  • Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. Weidenfield and Nicolson. London, 1966.
  • Rippin, Andrew, Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Shahrisṭanī, Abdulkarīm b. Aḥmad. al-Milal wa al-Nihāl. Egypt: Matba’a al-Bulāq, 1263.
  • Shahrisṭanī, Abdulkarīm b. Aḥmad. Nihāyat al-Iqdām. Baghdat: Maktabatu al-Musannā, n.d.
  • Subqī, Tajuddīn Abū Nasr Abd al-Wahhāb. Tabāqāt-ı Shafi’īyya. Egypt: s.n., 1324.
  • Tritton, Arthur Stanley. “The Speech of God”. Studia Islamica 36 (1972), 5-22.
  • Watt, M. İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri. Trans. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı. Ankara: Umran Yayınları, 981.
  • Wilferd Madelung. “The origins of the controversy concerning the creation of the Qurʾān”. Religious schools and sects in medieval Islam. 504-525. London 1985.
  • Yavuz, Yusuf Şevki. “Halku’l-Kur’ân”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 15/371-375. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1997.
  • Zaman, M. Qasim. “The Caliphs, the ʿUlamāʾ, and the Law: Defining the Role and Function of the Caliph in the Early ʿAbbāsid Period”. Islamic Law and Society 4/1 (1997), 1-36.

2./8. Yüzyılda Önemli Bir Tartışma: Halku'l-Kur'ân (Kur’an’ın Yaratılmışlığı Meselesi)

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 69 - 92, 06.08.2020

Abstract

İslam düşüncesinde, -ilk defa Ca‘d b. Dirhem tarafından tartışılan, daha sonra da Cehm b. Safvan ve Bişr b. Gıyâs el-Merîsî tarafından sürdürülen ve ilâhî sıfatların inkarıyla sonuçlanabilen- Kur’ân’ın mahluk olup olmadığı meselesi, uzun süre tartışma konusu olmuştur. Meseleye siyasî çekişmeler dahil edildiğinde, tartışma daha da şiddetlenmiş ve 2./8. yüzyılda İslam toplumunda bu tartışma kan dökülmesine, birçok âlimin işkenceye maruz kalmasına hatta ölümüne yol açmıştır. Halku’l-Kur’ân meselesinde süre gelen tartışmanın sonuçlanamamasının sebeplerinden biri, problemin temel kavramlarının yeterince analiz edilmemesi, kavramalara yanlış veya farklı anlamların yüklenmesidir. Her mezhep veya grup, problemi kendi dinî ve teolojik kaygıları ve en önemlisi de kendi ilkeleri bağlamında izaha kavuşturmaya çalışmıştır. Halku’l-Kur’ân konusunda ileri sürülen bu farklı görüşler, büyük ölçüde kelâm sıfatıyla ilgisi olup kelâmın zâtî veya fiilî bir sıfat olarak kabul edilmesine dayanmaktadır. İzahlar farklı olsa da tüm taraflar, Kur’ân’ın Allah tarafından insanlara gönderilen ilâhî bir kitap olduğunda mutabıktır.

References

  • ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī. al-Farq bayn al-firaq. Critical ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut, 1990.
  • ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī. Usūl al-dīn. Critical ed. Dār al-Funūn. Istanbul: State Printing Office, 1346/1928.
  • Abū Zahrā, Muḥammad. Aḥmed ibn H̩anbal. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʽArabī, 1947.
  • Abū Zahrā, Muḥammad. Imam Shafīʽī. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʽArabī, 1948.
  • Abū Zahrā, Muḥammad. Tārikh al-Madhahib al-Islamiyya. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʽArabī, n.d.
  • Abū Zayd, Naṣr Ḥamid. Ilahi Hitabın Tabiati. trans. Mehmet Emin Maşalı. Ankara: Kitabiyat Yayınları, 2001.
  • Aḥmad Amīn. Ḍuḥā al-Islām. Beirut: s.n., 1351-1355/1933-1936.
  • Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. al-Radd ʽala al-Zanadiqah wa al-Jaḥmiyyah. Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Salafiyah wa Maktabiyah, 1393.
  • Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. al-ʿIlal wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl. Critical ed. Waṣiyyallāh b. Muḥammad ʿAbbās. Bombay, 1408/1988.
  • Akbulut, Ahmet. Müslüman Kültüründe Kur’an’a Yabancılaşma Süreci. Ankara: Otto, 2017.
  • al-Ashʿarī, Abū al-Ḥasan. Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn. Critical ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Maktab al-Nahdat al-Misriyya, 1950.
  • al-Baqillānī, Kitāb Tamḥīd al-awāʾil wa-talkhīṣ al-dalāʾil. Critical ed. ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad Ḥaydar. Beirut: s.n., 1993.
  • Çelik, Ali. “Nuaym b. Hammâd”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 33/219. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2007.
  • al-Dārimī, Abū Saʿīd ʿUthmān b. Saʿīd. al-Radd ʿalā l-Jahmiyya. Critical ed. Gösta Vitestam. Leiden and Lund, 1960.
  • al-Ghazzālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad. Iḥyā' ʽulūm al-dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1982.
  • al-Ghazzālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad. Tahafut al-Falasifa. Critical ed. Ahmad Shams al-Din. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʽIlmiyah, 2000.
  • al-Ghazzālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad. al-Iqtiṣad fi al-ʿitiqad. s.l.: Dār al-Maktab al-Ḥilal, 2000.
  • al-Jazārī, Abdurahmān. Tawzih al-akāid fī Ilmi al-tawḥīd. s.l.: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Ḥaḍāratu al-Sharqiyya, 1932.
  • al-Juvaynī, Abdulmālik. Kitāb al-Irshād ilā qaw’id al-adille fī uṣul al-‘itikād. Critical ed. Muhammad Yusuf Mūsa - Alī Abdulmunīm Abdulhamīd. Cairo: al-Maktab al-Hanjī, 1959.
  • al-Kinānī, ‘Abdulazīz b. Yaḥyā b. Muslim. al-Ḥayda wa al-i’tidhār fī al-raddi ‘alā man qāla bi khalk al-Qurʾān. Critical ed. Ali b. Muhammed b. Nāsır el-Fakīhī. Madīna: Maktab al-Ulūm wa al-Ḥikam, 1423/2002.
  • al-Māturīdī, Abū Mansūr. Kitāb al-Tawhīd. Critical ed. Bekir Topaloğlu - Muhammad Aruçi. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2003.
  • al-Māturīdī, Abū Mansūr. Taʾwīlāt al-Qurʾān. Critical ed. Majdī Bāsalūm. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 2005.
  • al-Nasafī Abū l-Muʿīn. al-Tamhīd fī usūl al-dīn. Critical ed. Abdulhay Kābīl. Cairo: Dār al-Sagāfa, 1987.
  • al-Nas̩afī, Abū l-Muʿīn. T̩abs̩īrat al-adilla. Critical ed. Hüseyin Atay – Şaban Ali Düzgün. 2 vols. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2003-2004.
  • Aslan, İbrahim. “Kelamullah Tartışmalarında Dilbilimsel İçeriği”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 51/1 (2010), 131-50.
  • Atvân, Hüseyin. al- Firaq al-Islāmīyah fī bilād al-Shām fī al-ʻaṣr al-Umawī. Amman: Dār al-Jīl, 1986. Ess, J. Van. “Ibn Kullāb und die Miḥna”. Oriens 18–9 (1965–6), 92–142.
  • Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. Khalq al-Qurʾān bayn al-Mutazilah wa-Ahl al-Sunnah. Ed. Aḥmad Hijāzī al-Sakkā. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1991.
  • Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. Muḥaṣṣal. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʽArabī, 1990.
  • Ibn al-Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAli b. al-Athīr. al-Kāmil fī l-tarīkh. ed. C.J. Tornberg. 14 vols. Beirut 1965-1967.
  • Ibn Qutaiba, Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdullāh. Kitāb al- Maʽarīf fī ahbār al-ʻarab wa-ansābihim II. Critical ed. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld. Gottingen, 1850.
  • Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī ad-Dīn Aḥmad. Majmūʿat al-rasāʾil wa-l masāʾilMecmuʽat al-Rasāil. Egypt: Matba’a al-Manār, 1964.
  • Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī ad-Dīn Aḥmad. al-Rasāil. Egypt, 1349.
  • İzmirli İsmail Hakkı. Yeni İlm-i Kelâm. Ankara: Umran Yayınları, 1981.
  • al-Jāḥiẓ, ʽAmr b. Baḥr al-Jāḥiẓ. Rasāʾil al-Jāḥiẓ. Critical ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. 4 vols. Cairo, 1979.
  • Judd, Steven C., “Jaʿd b. Dirham”. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Ed. Kate Fleet and et al. Consulted online on 07 October 2019 http://ekaynaklar.mkutup.gov.tr:2097/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30760
  • Judd, Steven. “Muslim Persecution of Heretics during the Marwānid Period (64–132/684–750)”. al-Masāq 23 (2011), 7–9.
  • Koçyiğit, Talat. Hadisçilerle Kelâmcılar Arasındaki Münakaşalar. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1969.
  • Martin, Richard C. “Createdness of the Qurʾān”. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Ed. Kate Fleet and et al. Consulted online on 07 October 2019 http://ekaynaklar.mkutup.gov.tr:2097/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24418
  • Martin, Richard C. “Createdness of the Qurʾān”. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, 1/467-471. Leiden–Boston–Köln: Brill, 2001.
  • Nawas, John A. “The Miḥna of 218 A. H./833 A. D. Revisited: An Empirical Study.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 116/ 4 (1996), 698-708.
  • Nawas, John. Al-Maʾmūn Miḥna and caliphate, Ph.D. diss., University of Nijmegen 1992.
  • Peters, Jan R. T. M. God’s Created Speech: A Study in the Speculative Theology of the Mu'tazilī Qādī l-qudāt Abū Hassan ʿAbd al-Jabbār bn. Ahmad al-Hamādanī. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976.
  • Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. Aḥmad al-Hamadhānī. al-Mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadlKitab al-Mughnī fī abvāb al-tawhīd wa al-‘adl. Critical ed. İbrahīm Madkur. Cairo, 1961-65.
  • Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. Aḥmad al-Hamadhānī. al-Muḥīt bi al-Taklīf. Critical ed. Omar al-Sayyīd ʻAzmī - Aḥmad Fuad al-Aḥvānī. Cairo: Dār al-Misriyya, n.d.
  • Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. Aḥmad al-Hamadhānī. Sharḥ al-Uṣûl al-KhamseSharḥ al-uṣūl al-khamsa. Critical ed. ʿAbd al-Karīm ʿUthmān. Cairo: Maktab al-Vahba, 1996.
  • Qāsimī, Jamāladdīn. Tarîḥu al-Jaḥmiyya wa al-Muʻtazila. Egypt, n.d.
  • Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. Weidenfield and Nicolson. London, 1966.
  • Rippin, Andrew, Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Shahrisṭanī, Abdulkarīm b. Aḥmad. al-Milal wa al-Nihāl. Egypt: Matba’a al-Bulāq, 1263.
  • Shahrisṭanī, Abdulkarīm b. Aḥmad. Nihāyat al-Iqdām. Baghdat: Maktabatu al-Musannā, n.d.
  • Subqī, Tajuddīn Abū Nasr Abd al-Wahhāb. Tabāqāt-ı Shafi’īyya. Egypt: s.n., 1324.
  • Tritton, Arthur Stanley. “The Speech of God”. Studia Islamica 36 (1972), 5-22.
  • Watt, M. İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri. Trans. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı. Ankara: Umran Yayınları, 981.
  • Wilferd Madelung. “The origins of the controversy concerning the creation of the Qurʾān”. Religious schools and sects in medieval Islam. 504-525. London 1985.
  • Yavuz, Yusuf Şevki. “Halku’l-Kur’ân”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 15/371-375. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1997.
  • Zaman, M. Qasim. “The Caliphs, the ʿUlamāʾ, and the Law: Defining the Role and Function of the Caliph in the Early ʿAbbāsid Period”. Islamic Law and Society 4/1 (1997), 1-36.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Ata Az 0000-0002-8844-8875

Publication Date August 6, 2020
Submission Date June 14, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Az, Mehmet Ata. “A Heated Controversy in the Second/Eighth Century: Khalq Al-Qurʾān (The Createdness of Qurʾān)”. ULUM 3/1 (August 2020), 69-92.