Tasavvuf İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi

Abstract

Sudan is one of the geographies where sufistic life is experienced at a significant level. Political Sudanese peoples' acceptance of Islam has generally been the result of the efforts of Sufi masters. The absence of poles of different sects among Sudanese Muslims contributed to the long-term social harmony. The fact that the separation of madrasah and lodge did not recur in the Sudan geography and the union of Sudanese scholars and Sudanese Sufis has been another element of this harmony. The establishment of social peace in Sudan, the convergence of different segments of society, the prevention of tribal fights and conflicts between tribes, the prevention of ethnic divisions, the provision of ummah consciousness, and the execution of social services were generally done by the tariqas. Until the nineteenth century, sufistic life was continued with the traditional activities of powerful tariqas such as Qadiriyya and Şhadhili. The caliphs of the great tariqas such as Qadiriyya and Şhadhili, which aroused interest in the region, carried out important studies, gained the reputation among people and finally formed the separate branches of the main tariqa they belonged to. By the nineteenth century, Africa experienced the most painful period in its history. The continent was flooded by missionaries, geographic explorers of the West traveled across the continent, exploring the continent, commercial colonies that were first initiated in coastal cities spread to the inner parts in time, and European states attempted to invade Africa from north to south, from east to west. With the arrival of the Western colonizers, the African peoples, who have maintained their traditional textures for centuries, could not protect their traditional tribal structures, missed the opportunity to live in a balanced way among themselves, were invaded by the white masters, could not cope with the powerful and firearms of the west with primitive defense weapons, were separated by artificial borders and were opposed to each other. The Sufi masses, who witnessed the brutality of the invasion forces and the realization of cultural and political colonialism beyond the colonization of the lands, have been the main actors of the struggle for independence in Africa in general and Sudan in particular. In the nineteenth century, tajdid movements, known for their Sufistic identity, pioneered the independence of the Sudanese lands, the brotherhood of the Sudanese peoples, the Islamic consciousness of the Sudanese Muslims, the allegiance to the honorable Shari’a in Sudan, and the high practice of the Sunnah. In our article, we will discuss the trio of Tîjaniyyah, İdrisiyya and Sammaniyya from these tajdid movements. We will try to reveal the reform line of the Sudan tariqas during the nineteenth century by focusing on the sheikhs, the ikhwan, the addressing masses, their struggles and the reform ideas of these tariqas with the understanding of taqdid.