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GAZZÂLÎ’NİN SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCESİNDE ADİL YÖNETİM VE ERDEMLİ TOPLUM

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 252 - 263, 30.11.2019

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Gazzâlî’nin siyasal
düşüncesinde adil yönetim ve erdemli toplum konusu analiz edilmektedir. Gazzâlî
adil yönetim ve erdemli toplum sorununu ele alırken iki farklı yaklaşım
sergiler. Birinci yaklaşımda yönetici kritik rol oynar ve kısa vadeli çözümdür.
İkincisinde ise erdemli bireylere ve şer’i hukuka dayanan daha kapsamlı ve
teorik mahiyette uzun vadeli bir çözüm sunulur. İlk yaklaşımda yönetici merkezi
konumdadır: Yöneticiyi, yönetimin ve toplumun sahip olacağı karakter açısından
tayin edici faktör olarak değerlendirir. 
Bu ilişki, tek yönlü neden-sonuç ilişkisi olarak formüle edilmiştir.
Gazzâlî’nin ikinci yaklaşımında geliştirdiği teori, Batı siyasal düşünce
tarihinin değişik dönemlerinde baskın olan ve erdemli birey temelinde adil bir
yönetim ve erdemli bir toplum tasarlayan teorilere benzer. Belirli bir ideal
toplum vizyonunu esas alarak, toplumsal ve siyasal hayatı bu vizyon
rehberliğinde kurgulayan bu teorilerde; erdemli yurttaş, hem yöneticileri hem
de yönetilenleri bağlayan bir hukuk ve özgün bir kurumsal düzenleme temel
unsurlardır. Bu çalışmada Gazzâlî’nin siyasal düşüncesinde adil ve erdemli toplumun
gerçekleştirilebilmesi için uzun vadeli ve kalıcı çözümün ikinci yaklaşımında
geliştirdiği teori olduğu ileri sürülmektedir.  




This study analyzes the problem
of the just rule and the virtuous society in Ghazâlî’s political thought. Ghazâlî
takes two approaches for addressing this problem. The first approach gives a
critical role to the ruler and proposes a leader-centered short-term solution. The
second approach provides a more comprehensive and theoretical long-term
solution based on virtuous individuals and the Shari’a Law. In the first
approach, Ghazâlî sees the ruler as the determining factor in terms of the
character of the rule and society. This relationship is formulated as a one-way
cause-effect relationship. The theory developed by Ghazâlî in his second
approach is similar to theories which dominated different periods of the
Western political thought and designed a just rule and a virtuous society on
the basis of virtuous individuals. In these theories that construct social and
political life under the guidance of an ideal society, the essential elements
are the virtuous citizenry, a sytem of law binding both the rulers and the
ruled, and a genuine institutional arrangement. This study asserted that the
long-term and permanent solution to the realization of a just and virtuous
society in Ghazâlî’s political thought is the theory he developed in his second
approach.

References

  • Arslan, Ahmet (2019). Bir Ömür Düşünmek. Devrim Özkan ve Buğra Kalkan (Ed.). İstanbul: Eksi Yayınları.
  • Bell, Daniel (1993). Communitarianism and Its Critics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Berkowitz, Peter (1999). Virtue and the Making of Modern Liberalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Black, Antony (1997). Christianity and Republicanism: From St. Cyprian to Roussea. The American Political Science Review, 91(3), 647-656.
  • Black, Antony (2011). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. 2. Baskı. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Breslin, Beau (2004). The Communitarian Constitution. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Etzioni, Amitai (2001). On Social and Moral Revival. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 9(3), 356-371.
  • Decosimo, David (2015). An Umma of Accountability: Al-Ghazâli against Domination. Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 98(3), 260-288.
  • Decosimo, David (2018). Political Freedom as an Islamic Value. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 86(4), 912-952.
  • Fazlurrahman (1995). İslam ve Siyasi Aksiyon: Siyaset Dinin Hizmetinde. İslam’da Siyaset Düşüncesi. Kazım Güleçyüz (Çev.). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 7-22.
  • Gauss, Gerald. F. (2003). Contemporary Theories of Liberalism: Public Reason as a Post-Enlightenment Project. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Gazzâlî Ebû Hâmid (1992). Kimyâ-yı Saâdet. Ali Arslan (Çev.). İstanbul: Merve Yayın.
  • Gazzâlî, Ebû Hâmid (2012). Batınilerin Belini Kıran Deliller-Te'vilin Temel İlkeleri. Şerafeddin Yaltkaya (Çev.). İstanbul: Büyüyen Ay Yayınları.
  • Gazzâlî, Ebû Hâmid (2012). İtikadda Orta Yol. Osman Demir (Çev.). İstanbul: Klasik.
  • Gazzâlî, Ebû Hâmid (2017). Yöneticilere Altın Öğütler. İstanbul: Gelenek.
  • Hobbes, Thomas (1985). Leviathan. C. B. Machperson (Ed.). Londra: Penguin Classics.
  • Keeney, Patrick (2007). Liberalism, Communitarianism and Education: Reclaiming Liberal Education. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Kılınç, Zeynel A. (2009). Siyaset Felsefesi, İnsan Doğası ve Kolektif Eylem. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Felsefe Tartışmaları, 43, 40-73.
  • Kilcullen, John ve Robinson, Jonathan (2019). Medieval Political Philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). Erişim: 15 Ağustos 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/medieval- political/>.
  • Kymlicka, Will (2006). Çağdaş Siyaset Felsefesine Giriş. Ebru Kılıç (Çev.). 2. Baskı, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kymlicka, Will (2007). Community and Multiculturalis. A companion to contemporary political philosophy. Robert E. Goodin, Philip Pettit ve Thomas Pogge (Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell, ss. 463-477. Laoust, Henri (2016). Gazzâlî’nin Siyaset Anlayışı. Rıza Katı (Çev.). İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Lewis, Bernard (1988). The Political Language of Islam. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • MacIntyre, Alasdair (1984). After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
  • Mansfield, Harvey C. (2014). Political Philosophy. Wilmington: Intercollegiate Studies Institute.
  • Moussa, Mohammed (2016). Politics of the Islamic Tradition: The thought of Muhammad al-Ghazzali. New York: Routledge.
  • Mulhall, Stephen ve Swift, Adam (1992). Liberals and Communitarians. Massachusetts: Blackwell.
  • Platon, (2019). Devlet. Sabahattin Eyüpoğlu ve M. Ali Cimcoz (Çev.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Pocock, J. G. (1981). Virtues, Rights, and Manners: A Model for Historians of Political Thought. Political Theory,9(3),353-368.
  • Poole, Ross (1996). Morality and Modernity. New York: Routledge.
  • Robertson, J. (1983). The Scottish Enlightenment at the limits of the civic tradition. History of Political Thought, 4(3), 451-482.
  • Rosenblum, Nancy L. (1993). Liberalism and the Moral Life. Boston: Harvard University Press.
  • Rosenthal, E. I. J. (1962). Political Thought in Medieval Islam: An Introductory Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sandel, Michael (1996). Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Boston: Harvard University Press.
  • Said, Yazeed (2013). Ghazâlî’s Politics in Context. New York: Routledge.
  • Selznick, Philip (1998). Social Justice: A Communitarian Perspective. The Essential Communitarian Reader. Amitai Etzioni (Ed.). Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield, 61-72.
  • Spragens, Thomas A. (1999). Civic Liberalism: Reflections on Our Democratic Ideals. Maryland: Roman and Littlefield.
  • Tannenbaum, Donald ve David Schultz (2007). Siyasi Düşünce Tarihi: Filozoflar ve Fikirleri. Fatih Demirci (Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Walker, Samuel (1998). Rights Revolution: Rights and Community in Modern America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Zagorin, Perez (2003). Republicanism. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 11(4), 701–714.
Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 252 - 263, 30.11.2019

Abstract

References

  • Arslan, Ahmet (2019). Bir Ömür Düşünmek. Devrim Özkan ve Buğra Kalkan (Ed.). İstanbul: Eksi Yayınları.
  • Bell, Daniel (1993). Communitarianism and Its Critics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Berkowitz, Peter (1999). Virtue and the Making of Modern Liberalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Black, Antony (1997). Christianity and Republicanism: From St. Cyprian to Roussea. The American Political Science Review, 91(3), 647-656.
  • Black, Antony (2011). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. 2. Baskı. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Breslin, Beau (2004). The Communitarian Constitution. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Etzioni, Amitai (2001). On Social and Moral Revival. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 9(3), 356-371.
  • Decosimo, David (2015). An Umma of Accountability: Al-Ghazâli against Domination. Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 98(3), 260-288.
  • Decosimo, David (2018). Political Freedom as an Islamic Value. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 86(4), 912-952.
  • Fazlurrahman (1995). İslam ve Siyasi Aksiyon: Siyaset Dinin Hizmetinde. İslam’da Siyaset Düşüncesi. Kazım Güleçyüz (Çev.). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 7-22.
  • Gauss, Gerald. F. (2003). Contemporary Theories of Liberalism: Public Reason as a Post-Enlightenment Project. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Gazzâlî Ebû Hâmid (1992). Kimyâ-yı Saâdet. Ali Arslan (Çev.). İstanbul: Merve Yayın.
  • Gazzâlî, Ebû Hâmid (2012). Batınilerin Belini Kıran Deliller-Te'vilin Temel İlkeleri. Şerafeddin Yaltkaya (Çev.). İstanbul: Büyüyen Ay Yayınları.
  • Gazzâlî, Ebû Hâmid (2012). İtikadda Orta Yol. Osman Demir (Çev.). İstanbul: Klasik.
  • Gazzâlî, Ebû Hâmid (2017). Yöneticilere Altın Öğütler. İstanbul: Gelenek.
  • Hobbes, Thomas (1985). Leviathan. C. B. Machperson (Ed.). Londra: Penguin Classics.
  • Keeney, Patrick (2007). Liberalism, Communitarianism and Education: Reclaiming Liberal Education. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Kılınç, Zeynel A. (2009). Siyaset Felsefesi, İnsan Doğası ve Kolektif Eylem. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Felsefe Tartışmaları, 43, 40-73.
  • Kilcullen, John ve Robinson, Jonathan (2019). Medieval Political Philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). Erişim: 15 Ağustos 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/medieval- political/>.
  • Kymlicka, Will (2006). Çağdaş Siyaset Felsefesine Giriş. Ebru Kılıç (Çev.). 2. Baskı, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kymlicka, Will (2007). Community and Multiculturalis. A companion to contemporary political philosophy. Robert E. Goodin, Philip Pettit ve Thomas Pogge (Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell, ss. 463-477. Laoust, Henri (2016). Gazzâlî’nin Siyaset Anlayışı. Rıza Katı (Çev.). İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Lewis, Bernard (1988). The Political Language of Islam. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • MacIntyre, Alasdair (1984). After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
  • Mansfield, Harvey C. (2014). Political Philosophy. Wilmington: Intercollegiate Studies Institute.
  • Moussa, Mohammed (2016). Politics of the Islamic Tradition: The thought of Muhammad al-Ghazzali. New York: Routledge.
  • Mulhall, Stephen ve Swift, Adam (1992). Liberals and Communitarians. Massachusetts: Blackwell.
  • Platon, (2019). Devlet. Sabahattin Eyüpoğlu ve M. Ali Cimcoz (Çev.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Pocock, J. G. (1981). Virtues, Rights, and Manners: A Model for Historians of Political Thought. Political Theory,9(3),353-368.
  • Poole, Ross (1996). Morality and Modernity. New York: Routledge.
  • Robertson, J. (1983). The Scottish Enlightenment at the limits of the civic tradition. History of Political Thought, 4(3), 451-482.
  • Rosenblum, Nancy L. (1993). Liberalism and the Moral Life. Boston: Harvard University Press.
  • Rosenthal, E. I. J. (1962). Political Thought in Medieval Islam: An Introductory Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sandel, Michael (1996). Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Boston: Harvard University Press.
  • Said, Yazeed (2013). Ghazâlî’s Politics in Context. New York: Routledge.
  • Selznick, Philip (1998). Social Justice: A Communitarian Perspective. The Essential Communitarian Reader. Amitai Etzioni (Ed.). Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield, 61-72.
  • Spragens, Thomas A. (1999). Civic Liberalism: Reflections on Our Democratic Ideals. Maryland: Roman and Littlefield.
  • Tannenbaum, Donald ve David Schultz (2007). Siyasi Düşünce Tarihi: Filozoflar ve Fikirleri. Fatih Demirci (Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Walker, Samuel (1998). Rights Revolution: Rights and Community in Modern America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Zagorin, Perez (2003). Republicanism. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 11(4), 701–714.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynel Kılınç 0000-0003-3320-1290

Publication Date November 30, 2019
Submission Date October 17, 2019
Acceptance Date November 27, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kılınç, Z. (2019). GAZZÂLÎ’NİN SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCESİNDE ADİL YÖNETİM VE ERDEMLİ TOPLUM. PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 252-263.

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