Jews in the Qurʾān: An Evaluation of the Naming and the Content

Salime Leyla Gürkan

doi:10.12730/13091719.2016.72.148

Research Article

Jews in the Qurʾān: An Evaluation of the Naming and the Content

Year 2016, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 163 - 206, 27.02.2017

Salime Leyla Gürkan

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2016.72.148

Cited By: 3

Abstract

No other people are mentioned in the Qurʾān as often as the people of Israel. They appear in sixteen sūrahs and approximately forty verses by name (banū Isrāʾīl). The Qurʾān also makes reference to the Jews either by name (al-yahūd/hūd) or within the context of the people of the book (ahl al-kitāb). This paper aims to discuss the Qurʾānic verses about the Jews and the people of Israel in terms of the naming and the content. Key questions to be addressed are: What is the purpose of the frequent mention of the people of Israel in the Qurʾān? What is the context and the content of the verses about the Jews and the people of Israel both in Meccan and Medinan sūrahs? What message or messages are intended to or can be conveyed by these verses?

Keywords

Qurʾān, Jews (yahūd/hūd), the people of Israel (banū Isrāʾīl), the people of the book (ahl al-kitāb), the Prophet Muḥammad, Muslims, Islām

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Arpa, Recep. “Şehristanî’nin Nesh Anlayışı.” İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi - Turkish Journal of Islamic Studies 32 (2014): 67-122.
de Blois, François. “Naṣrānī (Ναζωραȋος) and ḥanīf (ἐθνικός): studies on the religious vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 65, no. 1 (2002): 1-30.
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Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
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Jeffery, Arthur. The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1938.
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Lecker, Michael. “Did Muḥammad Conclude Treaties with the Jewish Tribes Naḍīr, Qurayẓa and Qaynuqāʿ?” Israel Oriental Studies 17 (1997): 29-36.
Lecker, Michael. “Zayd b. Thābit, ‘A Jew with Two Sidelocks’: Judaism and Literacy in Pre-Islamic Medina (Yathrib).” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, no. 4 (1997): 259-273. doi:10.1086/468576
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al-Shahrastānī, Abū l-Fatḥ Tāj al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Aḥmad. Tafsīr al-Shahrastānī al-musammá Mafātīḥ al-asrār wa-maṣābīḥ al-abrār. 2 vols. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Ādharshab. Tehran: Markaz al-Buḥūth wa-l-Dirāsāt li-l-Turāth al-Makhṭūṭ, 2008/1386SH.
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Year 2016, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 163 - 206, 27.02.2017

Salime Leyla Gürkan

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2016.72.148

Cited By: 3

Abstract

References

Adam, Baki. “Müslümanların Yahudilere Yönelttiği Teolojik Eleştiriler.” In Müslümanlar ve Diğer Din Mensupları: Müslümanların Diğer Din Mensuplarıyla İlişkilerinde Temel Yaklaşımlar, edited by Abdur-rahman Küçük 103-118. Ankara: Türkiye Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2004.
Adam, Baki. Yahudi Kaynaklarına Göre Tevrat. Istanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2002.
ʿAlī, Jawād. al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿArab qabla l-Islām. 10 vols. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 1970.
Altundağ, Mustafa. “Kur’an Hitâbının Ehl-i Kitabı Bağlayıcılığı Üzerine,” Bakü Devlet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesinin İlmi Mecmuası 2, no. 1 (2005): 79-121.
Arjomand, Saïd Amir. “The Constitution of Medina: A Sociolegal Interpretation of Muhammad’s Acts of Foundation of the Umma.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 4 (2009): 555-575. doi:10.1017/S0020743809990067
Arpa, Recep. “Şehristanî’nin Nesh Anlayışı.” İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi - Turkish Journal of Islamic Studies 32 (2014): 67-122.
de Blois, François. “Naṣrānī (Ναζωραȋος) and ḥanīf (ἐθνικός): studies on the religious vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 65, no. 1 (2002): 1-30.
Cohen, A., ed. The Soncino Chumash: the Five books of Moses, with Haphtaroth. Hebrew text and English translation, with an exposition based on classical Jewish commentaries. London: The Soncino Press, 1983.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Erdal, Mesut. “Kur’ân’a Göre Ehl-i Kitab’ın Uhrevi Felah ve Kurtuluşu Meselesi.” Dicle Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 4, no. 1 (2002): 1-33.
Firestone, Reuven. “Jewish Culture in the Formative Period of Islam.” In Cultures of the Jews: A New History, edited by David Biale, 514-576. New York: Schocken Books, 2002.
Freedman, Harry, Maurice Simon, S. M. Lehrman, J. Israelstam, Judah J. Slotki, Joseph Rabbinowitz, A. Cohen, and Louis I. Rabinowitz, trans. Midrash Rabbah. 13 vols. in 10 vols., London: The Soncino Press, 1961.
al-Ghazālī, Ḥujjat al-Islām Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Fayṣal al-tafriqah bayna l-Islām wa-l-zandaqah. Edited by Riyāḍ Muṣṭafá ʿAbd Allāh. Damascus & Beirut: Dār al-Ḥikmah, 1986.
Goitein, S. D. “Banū Isrāʾīl.” In The Encyclopaedia of Islam, II, 1020-1022.
Grintz, Yehoshua M. “Jew: Semantics.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. XI, 253-254.
Günther, Sebastian. “Muḥammad, the Illiterate Prophet: An Islamic Creed in the Qurʾan and Qurʾanic Exegesis.” Journal of Qurʾanic Studies 4, no. 1 (2002): 1-26. doi:10.3366/jqs.2002.4.1.1
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Hamidullah, Muhammad [Ḥamīd Allāh, Muḥammad]. Le Prophète de l’Islam. 2 vols. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1959/1378.
Harvey, Graham. True Israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature. Leiden & New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.
Ibn Isḥāq, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār. Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥamīd Allāh. 2nd ed. Konya: Hayra Hizmet Vakfı, 1981.
Ibn Isḥāq, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat Rasūl Allāh. Translated, with introduction and notes, by A. Guillaume. Lahore: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Josephus. Josephus: The Complete Works. Translated by W. Whiston. Nashville, Tenn.: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998; online source for the original Greek version: 15 May 2016. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0145
Jeffery, Arthur. The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1938.
Lecker, Michael. The “Constitution of Medina”: Muḥammad’s First Legal Document. Princeton, NJ: The Darwin Press, 2004.
Lecker, Michael. “Did Muḥammad Conclude Treaties with the Jewish Tribes Naḍīr, Qurayẓa and Qaynuqāʿ?” Israel Oriental Studies 17 (1997): 29-36.
Lecker, Michael. “Zayd b. Thābit, ‘A Jew with Two Sidelocks’: Judaism and Literacy in Pre-Islamic Medina (Yathrib).” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, no. 4 (1997): 259-273. doi:10.1086/468576
Maimonides. “Epistle to Yemen.” In A Maimonides Reader, edited, with introduction and notes, by Isadore Twersky, 437-462. New York: Beh-rman House, 1972.
al-Maqdisī, Abū Naṣr al-Muṭahhar ibn Ṭāhir. Kitāb al-badʾ wa-l-tārīkh. 6 vols. Edited by Clément Huart. Baghdad: Maktabat al-Muthanná, n.d.
al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd. Taʾwīlāt al-Qurʾān.
vol. II. Edited by Ahmed Vanlıoğlu and Bekir Topaloğlu. Istanbul: Mizan Yayınevi, 2005.
vol. IV. Edited by Mehmet Boynukalın and Bekir Topaloğlu. Istanbul: Mizan Yayınevi, 2005.
vol. VII. Edited by Hatice Boynukalın and Bekir Topaloğlu. Istanbul: Mizan Yayınevi, 2006.
vol. IX. Edited by Murat Sülün and Bekir Topaloğlu. Istanbul: Mizan Yayınevi, 2007.
Mawdūdī, Sayyid Abul Aʿlá. Four Key Concepts of the Qurʾān. Translated and edited by Tarik Jan. Leicestershire: The Islamic Foundation, 2006.
Muqātil ibn Sulaymān, Abū l-Ḥasan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī al-Balkhī. Tafsīr Muqātil ibn Sulaymān. 5 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Shiḥātah. Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Kitāb, 1979.
Okuyan, Mehmet and Mustafa Öztürk. “Kur’an Verilerine Göre ‘Öteki’nin Konumu.” In İslam ve Öteki: Dinlerin, Doğruluk/Kurtarıcılık ve Birarada Yaşama Sorunu, edited by Cafer Sadık Yaran, 163-216. Istanbul: Kaknüs, 2001.
Öztürk, Mustafa. Kur’an-ı Kerim Meali: Anlam ve Yorum Merkezli Çevi-ri. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2014.
Paçacı, Mehmet. “Kur’an’da Ehl-i Kitap Anlayışı.” In Müslümanlar ve Diğer Din Mensupları: Müslümanların Diğer Din Mensuplarıyla İlişkilerinde Temel Yaklaşımlar, edited by Abdurrahman Küçük, 41-63. Ankara: Türkiye Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2004.
Philo. The Works of Philo. Translated by C. D. Yonge. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993.
Philo (as Philonis Judaei). Opera Omnia: Textus Editus Ad Fidem Op-timarum Editionum. 8 vols. Lipsiae: Sumtibus E. B. Schwickerti, 1828-1830.
al-Qurṭubī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr. al-Jāmiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān wa-l-mubayyin li-mā taḍammanahū min al-Sunnah wa-āy al-Furqān. 24 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī, Muḥammad Riḍwān ʿIrqsūsī, Māhir Ḥabbūsh, Ghiyāth al-Ḥājj Aḥmad, Khālid al-ʿAwwād, Muḥammad Muʿtazz Karīm al-Dīn, Muḥammad Anas Muṣṭafá al-Khinn, Muḥammad Barakāt, and Kāmil Muḥammad al-Kharrāṭ. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2006.
al-Qushayrī, Abū l-Qāsim Zayn al-Islām ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin ibn ʿAbd al-Malik. Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt: Tafsīr ṣūfī kāmil li-l-Qurʾān al-karīm. 3 vols. Edited by Ibrāhīm Basyūnī. 2nd ed. Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Kitāb, 1981.
al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar. Tafsīr al-Fakhr al-Rāzī al-mashhūr bi-l-Tafsīr al-kabīr wa-Mafātīḥ al-ghayb. 32 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1981.
Rubin, Uri. “The ‘Constitution of Medina’: Some Notes.” Studia Islamica 62 (1985): 5-23. doi:10.2307/1595521
Serjeant, R. B. “The Sunnah Jāmiʿah, Pacts with the Yaṯẖrib Jews, and the Taḥrīm of Yaṯẖrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called ‘Constitution of Medina’.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 41, no. 1 (1978): 1-42.
Stern, Sacha. Jewish Identity in Early Rabbinic Writings. Leiden & New York: E. J. Brill, 1994.
Stillman, N. A. “Yahūd,” In The Encyclopaedia of Islam, XI, 239-242.
al-Shahrastānī, Abū l-Fatḥ Tāj al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Aḥmad. Tafsīr al-Shahrastānī al-musammá Mafātīḥ al-asrār wa-maṣābīḥ al-abrār. 2 vols. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Ādharshab. Tehran: Markaz al-Buḥūth wa-l-Dirāsāt li-l-Turāth al-Makhṭūṭ, 2008/1386SH.
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Āmulī. Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī: Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān. 24 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Cairo: Dār Hijr li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 2001.
Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.
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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Religious Studies
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Salime Leyla Gürkan
Publication Date	February 27, 2017
Submission Date	June 16, 2016
Published in Issue	Year 2016 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD	Gürkan, Salime Leyla. “Jews in the Qurʾān: An Evaluation of the Naming and the Content”. Ilahiyat Studies 7/2 (February 2017), 163-206. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2016.72.148.