Abstract
This study addresses the challenges that arise while determining the date of Easter, one of the most important holidays in Christianity, along with the astronomical calculation methods employed to overcome these challenges and the ensuing religious debates. The fluctuating date of Easter, which holds both historical and religious significance in the Christian world, has led to disagreements among churches and sparked numerous controversies. It is understood that these disputes originate from a range of practical and theological issues. The study initially delves into the practical aspect of the matter, exploring how astronomical calculation methods are utilized to determine Easter dates and striving to convey technical knowledge in this domain to readers. This is essential as the interplay between lunar and solar movements is pivotal in establishing the Easter date. Clarifying these methods is believed to enhance comprehension of the evolving history of Easter. Another facet of the subject is the theological dimension. Distinct churches harbor varying perspectives on Easter dates, which can result in divisions and disagreements, impacting both worship and theology. Therefore, this research focuses on the historical debates surrounding Easter dating from the early centuries of Christianity to the 7th century, encompassing different calendar cycles and the Easter dispute between the Roman and Celtic churches. The article presents the backdrop of this issue, the calculation methods employed, and the ensuing controversies. The ongoing lack of a universally shared Easter date among Christians, even today, renders this topic worthy of exploration. In this context, the study adopts a descriptive and historical approach to meticulously analyze the challenges of determining the Easter date and the origins of divergent viewpoints. The primary objective of this study is to enrich the field of the History of Religions by enhancing understanding of religious practices, historical and theological disagreements, cultural interactions, and religious diversity.
References
- Ambrosius. “Exameron Libri Sex”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Augustinus. “Epistolae”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Aykıt, Dursun Ali̇. “Pelagianizm’in Tarihi ve Öğretileri”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (2010).
- Baedae. Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. ed. Alfred Holder. Mohr, 1882.
- Beda Venerabilis. “De Temporum Ratione”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Blackburn, Bonnie - Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-Reckoning. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1st edition., 1999.
- Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000. Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 3rd edition., 2013.
- Butler, Alban. Lives Of The Saints, With Reflections for Every Day in the Year. N.Y., Cincinnati [etc.] Benziger Bros., Inc., 1894.
- Charles-Edwards, T. M. Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495588
- Clavius, Christoph. Romani Calendarii A Gregorio XIII. P. M. restitvti explicatio S. D. N. Clementis VIII. P. M. Ivssv edita : accesit confutatio eorum, qui Calendarium aliter instaurandum esse contenderunt. Romae: Zannetti, 1603.
- Corning, Caitlin. The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
- Davies, Wendy. “The Myth of the Celtic Church”. The Early Church in Wales and the West: Recent Work in Early Christian Archaeology, History and Place Names. ed. Nancy Edwards - Alan Lane. Oxford: Oxbow, 1992.
- Declercq, Georges. Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era. Brepols, 2000.
- Dionysius Exiguus. “Liber De Pascate Sive Cyclus Paschalis”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Eusebius Caesariensis. “De vita Imperatoris Constantini”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Eusebius Pamphilius. “Church History”. çev. McGiffert, Rev. Arthur Cushman. NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine. ed. Philip Schaff. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co.: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 1890.
- Güzeldal, Yasin. “Britanya ve Batı Avrupa’nın Hıristiyanlaşmasında Kelt Manastır Misyonerliğinin Rolü”. Oksident 4/2 (15 Ocak 2023), 147-172. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1191191
- Hannah, Robert. Greek and Roman Calendars. A&C Black, 2013.
- Hughes, Kathleen. The Church in Early Irish Society. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1966.
- Isidorus Hispaliensis. “De Natura Rerum Ad Sisebestum Regem Liber”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Jones, Charles W. “The Victorian and Dionysiac Paschal Tables in the West”. Speculum 9/4 (1934), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.2307/2850223
- Katar, Mehmet. “Hıristiyanlık’ta Kilise Takviminin (Kilise İçerisindeki Anma ve Kutlama Devrelerinin) Oluşması”. Dini Araştırmalar 3/8 (01 Haziran 2000), 23-46.
- McCarthy, Daniel. “Sulpicius Severus’s Construction of his 84-year Paschal Table”. Peritia 33 (Ocak 2022), 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.PERIT.5.131902
- McCarthy, Daniel. “Easter Principles and a Fifth-Century Lunar Cycle Used in the British Isles”. Journal for the History of Astronomy 24 (01 Ağustos 1993), 204. https://doi.org/10.1177/002182869302400304
- Mosshammer, Alden A. The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford University Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543120.001.0001
- Nothaft, C. Philipp E. “Dating the Passion: The Life of Jesus and the Emergence of Scientific Chronology (200– 1600)”. Dating the Passion. Brill, 2011. https://brill.com/display/title/20608
- O’Connell, D. J. “Easter Cycles in the Early Irish Church.” The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 6/1 (1936), 67-106.
- Steel, Duncan. Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar. New York Weinheim: Wiley, 1st edition., 2000.
- Stevens, Wesley M. Cycles of Time and Scientific Learning in Medieval Europe. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain ; Brookfield, Vt., USA: Routledge, 1st edition., 1995.
- Talley, Thomas J. The Origins of the Liturgical Year. New York : Pueblo Pub. Co., 1986. http://archive.org/details/originsofliturgi0000tall
- Walsh, Michael (ed.). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991.
- Wormald, Patrick - Baxter, Stephen. Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian. Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=9ace13d797262d111aa94991c3b855f9 Zimmer, Heinrich. The Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland. çev. A. Meyer. London: David Nutt, 1902.
- World Council of Churches. “Towards a Common Date for Easter”. Erişim 07 Nisan 2023. https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/towards-a-common-date-for-easter
Abstract
Bu çalışma, Hıristiyanlığın en önemli bayramlarından biri olan Paskalya'nın tarihini belirleme sürecinde ortaya çıkan zorlukları, bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmede kullanılan astronomik hesaplama yöntemlerini ve dinî tartışmaları ele almaktadır. Hıristiyan dünyası için tarihsel ve dini bir anlam taşıyan Paskalya'nın her yıl değişen tarihi, kiliseler arasında anlaşmazlıklara yol açmış ve bu durum birtakım tartışmaları beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu anlaşmazlıkların kökeninde ise pratik ve teolojik birtakım problemlerin var olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle konunun pratik yönü ele alınarak, astronomik hesaplama yöntemlerinin Paskalya tarihlerinin hesaplanmasında nasıl kullanıldığı incelenmiş ve okuyuculara bu alandaki teknik bilgi aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Zira Ay ve Güneş hareketleri arasındaki ilişki, Paskalya tarihinin belirlenmesinde temel bir role sahiptir. Bu yöntemlerin açıklanmasının, Paskalya'nın değişken tarihini daha iyi anlamaya yardımcı olacağı düşünülmüştür. Bir diğer husus, konunun teolojik yönüdür. Farklı kiliseler arasında Paskalya tarihleri konusunda farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır ve bu da hem ibadetlerde hem de teolojide birtakım ayrılıklara ve anlaşmazlıklara neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, Paskalya'nın tarihlendirilmesi ile ilgili olarak Hıristiyanlığın ilk yüzyıllarından 7. yüzyıla kadar geçen süre içerisindeki tartışmalar, farklı takvim döngüleri, Roma-Kelt kiliseleri arasındaki Paskalya anlaşmazlığı üzerinde durulmuştur. Makale, bu problemin arka planını, hesaplama yöntemlerini ve ortaya çıkan tartışmaları ele alarak okuyuculara bu konuda bilgi sunmaktadır. Paskalya'nın günümüzde dahi Hıristiyanlar arasında henüz ortak bir tarihte kutlanamaması, bu konuyu incelemeye değer kılan bir faktör olarak görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, deskriptif ve tarihsel metot kullanılarak Paskalya tarihinin belirlenmesindeki zorluklar ve farklı görüşlerin kökeni detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın, dini pratiklerin, tarihsel ve teolojik anlaşmazlıkların, kültürel etkileşimlerin ve dini çeşitliliğin anlaşılması noktasında Dinler Tarihi çalışmalarına katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.
References
- Ambrosius. “Exameron Libri Sex”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Augustinus. “Epistolae”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Aykıt, Dursun Ali̇. “Pelagianizm’in Tarihi ve Öğretileri”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (2010).
- Baedae. Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. ed. Alfred Holder. Mohr, 1882.
- Beda Venerabilis. “De Temporum Ratione”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Blackburn, Bonnie - Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-Reckoning. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1st edition., 1999.
- Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000. Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 3rd edition., 2013.
- Butler, Alban. Lives Of The Saints, With Reflections for Every Day in the Year. N.Y., Cincinnati [etc.] Benziger Bros., Inc., 1894.
- Charles-Edwards, T. M. Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495588
- Clavius, Christoph. Romani Calendarii A Gregorio XIII. P. M. restitvti explicatio S. D. N. Clementis VIII. P. M. Ivssv edita : accesit confutatio eorum, qui Calendarium aliter instaurandum esse contenderunt. Romae: Zannetti, 1603.
- Corning, Caitlin. The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
- Davies, Wendy. “The Myth of the Celtic Church”. The Early Church in Wales and the West: Recent Work in Early Christian Archaeology, History and Place Names. ed. Nancy Edwards - Alan Lane. Oxford: Oxbow, 1992.
- Declercq, Georges. Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era. Brepols, 2000.
- Dionysius Exiguus. “Liber De Pascate Sive Cyclus Paschalis”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Eusebius Caesariensis. “De vita Imperatoris Constantini”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Eusebius Pamphilius. “Church History”. çev. McGiffert, Rev. Arthur Cushman. NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine. ed. Philip Schaff. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co.: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 1890.
- Güzeldal, Yasin. “Britanya ve Batı Avrupa’nın Hıristiyanlaşmasında Kelt Manastır Misyonerliğinin Rolü”. Oksident 4/2 (15 Ocak 2023), 147-172. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1191191
- Hannah, Robert. Greek and Roman Calendars. A&C Black, 2013.
- Hughes, Kathleen. The Church in Early Irish Society. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1966.
- Isidorus Hispaliensis. “De Natura Rerum Ad Sisebestum Regem Liber”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Jones, Charles W. “The Victorian and Dionysiac Paschal Tables in the West”. Speculum 9/4 (1934), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.2307/2850223
- Katar, Mehmet. “Hıristiyanlık’ta Kilise Takviminin (Kilise İçerisindeki Anma ve Kutlama Devrelerinin) Oluşması”. Dini Araştırmalar 3/8 (01 Haziran 2000), 23-46.
- McCarthy, Daniel. “Sulpicius Severus’s Construction of his 84-year Paschal Table”. Peritia 33 (Ocak 2022), 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.PERIT.5.131902
- McCarthy, Daniel. “Easter Principles and a Fifth-Century Lunar Cycle Used in the British Isles”. Journal for the History of Astronomy 24 (01 Ağustos 1993), 204. https://doi.org/10.1177/002182869302400304
- Mosshammer, Alden A. The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford University Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543120.001.0001
- Nothaft, C. Philipp E. “Dating the Passion: The Life of Jesus and the Emergence of Scientific Chronology (200– 1600)”. Dating the Passion. Brill, 2011. https://brill.com/display/title/20608
- O’Connell, D. J. “Easter Cycles in the Early Irish Church.” The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 6/1 (1936), 67-106.
- Steel, Duncan. Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar. New York Weinheim: Wiley, 1st edition., 2000.
- Stevens, Wesley M. Cycles of Time and Scientific Learning in Medieval Europe. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain ; Brookfield, Vt., USA: Routledge, 1st edition., 1995.
- Talley, Thomas J. The Origins of the Liturgical Year. New York : Pueblo Pub. Co., 1986. http://archive.org/details/originsofliturgi0000tall
- Walsh, Michael (ed.). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991.
- Wormald, Patrick - Baxter, Stephen. Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian. Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=9ace13d797262d111aa94991c3b855f9 Zimmer, Heinrich. The Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland. çev. A. Meyer. London: David Nutt, 1902.
- World Council of Churches. “Towards a Common Date for Easter”. Erişim 07 Nisan 2023. https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/towards-a-common-date-for-easter
Abstract
عيد الفصح هو واحد من أهم الأعياد المسيحية ويحتفل به كل عام في الربيع. ومع ذلك، فإن تاريخ عيد الفصح يتغير كل عام، مما يسبب بعض الصعوبات. يوفر هذا البحث معلومات حول الأساليب الفلكية والرياضية المستخدمة لحساب تواريخ عيد الفصح. تلعب هذه الأساليب، التي تستند إلى العلاقة بين حركات القمر والسنة الشمسية، دورًا هامًا في تحديد التاريخ الصحيح لعيد الفصح. يتناول الدراسة أيضًا الجدل الذي نشأ حول تحديد تواريخ عيد الفصح. تختلف الكنائس المختلفة في آرائها حول تواريخ عيد الفصح، والتي قد تؤدي في بعض الأحيان إلى تقسيمات وخلافات. وفي جذور هذه الخلافات مجموعة من المشاكل العملية واللاهوتية. يركز هذا المقال على الجدل حول تاريخ عيد الفصح من القرون الأولى للمسيحية حتى القرن السابع، ودورات التقويم المختلفة، والنزاع حول عيد الفصح بين الكنيسة الرومانية والكلتية. يقدم المقال معلومات للقراء عن خلفية هذه المشكلة، وطرق الحساب، والجدل الذي نشأ.
References
- Ambrosius. “Exameron Libri Sex”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Augustinus. “Epistolae”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Aykıt, Dursun Ali̇. “Pelagianizm’in Tarihi ve Öğretileri”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (2010).
- Baedae. Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. ed. Alfred Holder. Mohr, 1882.
- Beda Venerabilis. “De Temporum Ratione”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Blackburn, Bonnie - Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-Reckoning. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1st edition., 1999.
- Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000. Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 3rd edition., 2013.
- Butler, Alban. Lives Of The Saints, With Reflections for Every Day in the Year. N.Y., Cincinnati [etc.] Benziger Bros., Inc., 1894.
- Charles-Edwards, T. M. Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495588
- Clavius, Christoph. Romani Calendarii A Gregorio XIII. P. M. restitvti explicatio S. D. N. Clementis VIII. P. M. Ivssv edita : accesit confutatio eorum, qui Calendarium aliter instaurandum esse contenderunt. Romae: Zannetti, 1603.
- Corning, Caitlin. The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
- Davies, Wendy. “The Myth of the Celtic Church”. The Early Church in Wales and the West: Recent Work in Early Christian Archaeology, History and Place Names. ed. Nancy Edwards - Alan Lane. Oxford: Oxbow, 1992.
- Declercq, Georges. Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era. Brepols, 2000.
- Dionysius Exiguus. “Liber De Pascate Sive Cyclus Paschalis”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Eusebius Caesariensis. “De vita Imperatoris Constantini”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Eusebius Pamphilius. “Church History”. çev. McGiffert, Rev. Arthur Cushman. NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine. ed. Philip Schaff. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co.: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 1890.
- Güzeldal, Yasin. “Britanya ve Batı Avrupa’nın Hıristiyanlaşmasında Kelt Manastır Misyonerliğinin Rolü”. Oksident 4/2 (15 Ocak 2023), 147-172. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1191191
- Hannah, Robert. Greek and Roman Calendars. A&C Black, 2013.
- Hughes, Kathleen. The Church in Early Irish Society. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1966.
- Isidorus Hispaliensis. “De Natura Rerum Ad Sisebestum Regem Liber”. Patrologia Latina. ed. Jacques Paul Migne. Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
- Jones, Charles W. “The Victorian and Dionysiac Paschal Tables in the West”. Speculum 9/4 (1934), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.2307/2850223
- Katar, Mehmet. “Hıristiyanlık’ta Kilise Takviminin (Kilise İçerisindeki Anma ve Kutlama Devrelerinin) Oluşması”. Dini Araştırmalar 3/8 (01 Haziran 2000), 23-46.
- McCarthy, Daniel. “Sulpicius Severus’s Construction of his 84-year Paschal Table”. Peritia 33 (Ocak 2022), 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.PERIT.5.131902
- McCarthy, Daniel. “Easter Principles and a Fifth-Century Lunar Cycle Used in the British Isles”. Journal for the History of Astronomy 24 (01 Ağustos 1993), 204. https://doi.org/10.1177/002182869302400304
- Mosshammer, Alden A. The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford University Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543120.001.0001
- Nothaft, C. Philipp E. “Dating the Passion: The Life of Jesus and the Emergence of Scientific Chronology (200– 1600)”. Dating the Passion. Brill, 2011. https://brill.com/display/title/20608
- O’Connell, D. J. “Easter Cycles in the Early Irish Church.” The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 6/1 (1936), 67-106.
- Steel, Duncan. Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar. New York Weinheim: Wiley, 1st edition., 2000.
- Stevens, Wesley M. Cycles of Time and Scientific Learning in Medieval Europe. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain ; Brookfield, Vt., USA: Routledge, 1st edition., 1995.
- Talley, Thomas J. The Origins of the Liturgical Year. New York : Pueblo Pub. Co., 1986. http://archive.org/details/originsofliturgi0000tall
- Walsh, Michael (ed.). Butler’s Lives of the Saints. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991.
- Wormald, Patrick - Baxter, Stephen. Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian. Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=9ace13d797262d111aa94991c3b855f9 Zimmer, Heinrich. The Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland. çev. A. Meyer. London: David Nutt, 1902.
- World Council of Churches. “Towards a Common Date for Easter”. Erişim 07 Nisan 2023. https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/towards-a-common-date-for-easter
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Religious Studies, Religion, Society and Culture Studies |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 30, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | September 15, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 23 Issue: 2 |
